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the fields all around

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1 around

around [ə'raʊnd]

autour ⇒ 1 (a) pas loin ⇒ 1 (b) ici et là ⇒ 1 (d) autour de ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c)

1 adverb

(a) (in all directions) autour;

∎ the fields all around les champs tout autour;

∎ for five miles around sur ou dans un rayon de cinq miles

(b) (nearby) pas loin;

∎ stay or stick around reste dans les parages;

∎ he's around somewhere il n'est pas loin, il est dans le coin;

∎ will you be around this afternoon? tu seras là cet après-midi?;

∎ see you around! à un de ces jours!

(c) (in existence)

∎ that firm has been around for years cette société existe depuis des années;

∎ he's one of the most promising actors around at the moment c'est un des acteurs les plus prometteurs que l'on puisse voir en ce moment;

∎ there wasn't much money around in those days les gens n'avaient pas beaucoup d'argent à l'époque;

∎ he won't be around long! il ne fera pas de vieux os!

(d) (here and there) ici et là;

∎ to travel around voyager;

∎ to wander around faire un tour;

∎ I don't know my way around yet je suis encore un peu perdu;

∎ familiar he's been around (has travelled widely) il a pas mal roulé sa bosse; (is experienced) il n'est pas né d'hier

2 preposition

(a) (encircling) autour de;

∎ seated around a table assis autour d'une table;

∎ the people around us les gens qui nous entourent ou autour de nous;

∎ the area around Berlin les alentours mpl ou les environs mpl de Berlin;

∎ the tree measures two metres around the trunk l'arbre mesure deux mètres de circonférence;

∎ figurative find a way (to get) around the problem trouvez un moyen de contourner le problème;

∎ my keys are somewhere around here mes clés sont quelque part par ici

(b) (within)

∎ they travelled around Europe ils ont voyagé à travers l'Europe;

∎ we strolled around town nous nous sommes promenés en ville

(c) (approximately) autour de;

∎ around midnight autour de ou vers minuit;

∎ around five o'clock vers cinq heures;

∎ around 1920 vers ou aux alentours de 1920;

∎ he's around your age il a environ ou à peu près votre âge

✾ Book ✾ Film 'Around the World in 80 Days' Verne, Anderson 'Le Tour du monde en 80 jours'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > around
2 all

1. n всё сущее; мир, вселенная

this above all — это превыше всего

select all — выделите всё

all found — на всём готовом

to beat all — превзойти всё

not all roses — не всё хорошо

all flesh — всё живое, смертные

2. a весь, целый, вся, всё

all his life — вся его жизнь

he lived here all his life — он прожил здесь всю свою жизнь

all the time — всё время

all day — весь день

he sat up all night — он не ложился всю ночь; он вообще не ложился

all the year round — круглый год

with all the trimmings — со всеми причиндалами, как положено

to sit guzzling beer all day — сидеть и пить пиво целый день

the meeting wore on all morning — собрание тянулось всё утро

secure from all enemies — надёжно защищённый от всех врагов

it was all done in a moment — всё было сделано в один момент

3. a всякий, всевозможный; любой

in all directions — во всех направлениях

all manner of … — всякого рода …

all manner of men — всякие люди

in all respects — во всех отношениях

at all times — в любой момент; в любое время

bereft of all hope — лишённый всякой надежды

free of all average — свободно от всякой аварии

integrated battle of all arms — общевойсковой бой

to have lost all respect — потерять всякое уважение

4. a весь, наибольший, предельный; максимально возможный

with all respect — с полным уважением

with all speed — с предельной скоростью

in all haste — со всей поспешностью

all of — весь

all the — весь

we all — мы все

each and all — все

like all — как все

5. a какой-нибудь, какой бы то ни было

beyond all doubt — вне всякого сомнения

this talk is all froth — это всё пустая болтовня

it is all washed-up — всё это давно вышло из моды

the house was all aflame — дом был объят пламенем

how are all your people? — как поживают все ваши ?

it was all a load of cobblers — это был просто трёп

6. a амер. диал. кончившийся, истёкший

the pie is all — весь пирог съеден; пирог кончился

the butter is all — масло кончилось, масла больше нет

of all people — кто-кто, но не вы

7. adv всецело, целиком, полностью

all set — готовый к действию, в полной готовности

the pin is all gold — булавка вся из золота

all covered with mud — весь забрызганный грязью

things are all wrong — всё идёт не так, всё пошло прахом

all around — полностью

all the way — полностью

all the way out — полностью выведенный

all for your account — полностью за ваш счет

all transistor — полностью выполненный на транзисторах

8. adv совсем, совершенно

he was all alone — он был совершенно один

all alone — совсем один

I am all in — я совсем без сил

on all points — по всем пунктам

all through — на всем протяжении

on all issues — по всем вопросам

9. adv только, ничего кроме, исключительно

he spent his income all on pleasure — он тратил деньги только на развлечения

hardly at all — почти ничего

all or nothing — все или ничего

pooh, is that all! — ну и ну!; ничего себе!

all but he were present — все, кроме него, присутствовали

what is all this rumpus about? — из-за чего весь этот шум?

10. adv спорт. жарг. поровну, ровно

the score was two all — счёт был по два

11. indef pron все

all agree — все согласны

all are present — все присутствуют

death levels all men — перед смертью все равны

he heads all the records — он бьёт все рекорды

switch all the fields off — отключить все поля

to resolve all doubts — разрешать все сомнения

upon the face of all the earth — на всей Земле

12. indef pron всё

all is lost — всё пропало

is that all you want to say? — это всё, что вы хотите сказать?

I know it all — я всё это знаю

if all goes well with us — если у нас всё будет благополучно

they were with us all the time — они всё время были с нами

the earth and all therein — земля и всё на ней существующее

he paid all that was owing — он заплатил всё, что следовало

have you got all you require? — у вас есть всё, что нужно ?

Синонимический ряд:

1. alone (adj.) alone; exclusively; solely

2. altogether (adj.) altogether; completely; entirely; utterly; wholly

3. every (adj.) any; each; every

4. whole (adj.) complete; entire; full; gross; intact; outright; total; uncut; whole

5. each (noun) each; everybody; everyone; everything

6. whole (noun) aggregate; be-all and end-all; entirety; gross; sum; sum total; tale; total; totality; whole

7. all and sundry (other) all and sundry; each and every person; everybody; everyone; one and all

8. apiece (other) apiece; aside; each; per capita; per caput

9. everything (other) everything; the entirety; the lot; the totality; the whole kit and caboodle (colloquial); the whole lot; the whole shebang (chiefly US, colloquial); the whole shooting match (colloquial)

10. totally (other) all in all; altogether; completely; entirely; exactly; in toto; just; purely; quite; solidly; stick; totally; utterly; wholly

Антонимический ряд:

nobody; nothing; partially

English-Russian base dictionary > all
3 cut

cut [kʌt]

couper ⇒ 1 (a)-(f), 1 (h), 1 (j), 1 (o), 1 (q), 1 (t), 2 (a), 2 (d)-(g) découper ⇒ 1 (b) tondre ⇒ 1 (c) interrompre ⇒ 1 (f) arrêter ⇒ 1 (g) réduire ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (j) blesser ⇒ 1 (k) manquer ⇒ 1 (m) percer ⇒ 1 (n) graver ⇒ 1 (p) monter ⇒ 1 (r) se couper ⇒ 2 (b) faire mal ⇒ 2 (c) coupure ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b), 3 (f) coup ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (g) morceau ⇒ 3 (d) réduction ⇒ 3 (e) coupe ⇒ 3 (h), 3 (k) part ⇒ 3 (i) coupé ⇒ 4 (a), 4 (c) réduit ⇒ 4 (b)

(pt & pp cut, cont cutting)

1 transitive verb

(a) (incise, slash, sever) couper;

∎ cut the box open with the knife ouvrez la boîte avec le couteau;

∎ he fell and cut his knee (open) il s'est ouvert le genou en tombant;

∎ she cut her hand elle s'est coupé la main ou à la main;

∎ he cut his wrists il s'est ouvert ou taillé les veines;

∎ to cut one's throat se trancher la gorge;

∎ they cut his throat ils lui ont coupé ou tranché la gorge, ils l'ont égorgé;

∎ they cut the prisoners free or loose ils ont détaché les prisonniers;

∎ figurative to cut oneself loose from sth se libérer de qch;

∎ they cut our supply line ils nous ont coupé notre approvisionnement;

∎ figurative the fog's so thick you could cut it with a knife il y a un brouillard à couper au couteau;

∎ the atmosphere was so tense, you could cut it with a knife l'atmosphère était extrêmement tendue;

∎ you're cutting your own throat c'est du suicide

(b) (divide into parts) couper, découper; (meat) découper; (slice) découper en tranches;

∎ she cut articles from the paper elle découpait des articles dans le journal;

∎ cut the cake in half/in three pieces coupez le gâteau en deux/en trois;

∎ to cut sth to shreds or to ribbons mettre qch en pièces;

∎ figurative the enemy cut the army to pieces l'ennemi a taillé l'armée en pièces;

∎ figurative the critics cut the play to pieces les critiques ont esquinté la pièce

(c) (trim → grass, lawn) tondre; (→ bush, tree) tailler; (reap → crop) couper, faucher;

∎ I'll have to cut the grass this weekend il faudra que je tonde la pelouse ce week-end;

∎ I cut my nails/my hair je me suis coupé les ongles/les cheveux;

∎ you've had your hair cut vous vous êtes fait couper les cheveux

(d) (shape → dress, suit) couper; (→ diamond, glass, key) tailler; (→ screw) fileter; (dig → channel, tunnel) creuser, percer; (engrave) graver; (sculpt) sculpter;

∎ steps had been cut in the rock on avait taillé des marches dans le rocher;

∎ we cut our way through the crowd nous nous sommes frayé ou ouvert un chemin à travers la foule;

∎ the advance cut a swath through the enemy's defences l'avance des troupes ouvrit une brèche dans la défense ennemie;

∎ proverb cut your coat according to your cloth = il ne faut pas vivre au-dessus de ses moyens

(e) (cross, traverse) couper, croiser; Mathematics couper;

∎ where the path cuts the road à l'endroit où le chemin coupe la route

(f) (interrupt) interrompre, couper;

∎ to cut sb short couper la parole à qn;

∎ we had to cut our visit short nous avons dû écourter notre visite;

∎ his career was tragically cut short by illness sa carrière a été tragiquement interrompue par la maladie;

∎ to cut a long story short, I left bref ou en deux mots, je suis parti

(g) (stop) arrêter, cesser;

∎ he cut working weekends il a arrêté de travailler le weekend;

∎ cut the very familiar crap or vulgar shit! arrête tes conneries!

(h) (switch off) couper;

∎ cut the lights! coupez la lumière!, éteignez!;

∎ he cut the engine il a coupé ou arrêté le moteur

(i) (reduce → numbers, spending) réduire; (→ production) diminuer; (→ speech) abréger, raccourcir;

∎ we cut our costs by half nous avons réduit nos frais de moitié;

∎ they cut taxes in the run-up to the election ils ont réduit les impôts juste avant les élections;

∎ to cut prices casser les prix;

∎ the athlete cut five seconds off the world record or cut the world record by five seconds l'athlète a amélioré le record mondial de cinq secondes

(j) Cinema & Television (edit out) faire des coupures dans, réduire; (drop) couper;

∎ the censors cut all scenes of violence la censure a coupé ou supprimé toutes les scènes de violence;

∎ the film was cut to 100 minutes le film a été ramené à 100 minutes

(k) (hurt feelings of) blesser profondément;

∎ her remark cut me deeply sa remarque m'a profondément blessé

(l) familiar (ignore, snub)

∎ they cut me (dead) in the street dans la rue ils ont fait comme s'ils ne me voyaient pas^□ ;

∎ he cut me dead for days after our argument il m'a battu froid pendant des jours après notre dispute^□

(m) familiar (absent oneself from → meeting, appointment etc) manquer (volontairement)^□, sauter^□ ;

∎ I had to cut lunch in order to get there on time j'ai dû me passer de déjeuner pour arriver à l'heure;

∎ the students cut class les étudiants ont séché le cours;

∎ to cut school sécher les cours

(n) (tooth) percer;

∎ the baby is cutting his first tooth le bébé perce sa première dent;

∎ familiar figurative a pianist who cut her teeth on Bach une pianiste qui s'est fait la main sur du Bach

(o) (dilute) couper

(p) (record, track) graver, faire

(q) Cards

∎ to cut the cards couper

(r) Cinema (edit → film) monter

(s) Medicine (incise) inciser; Veterinary medicine (castrate) châtrer

(t) Sport (ball) couper

(u) (idioms)

∎ to cut the ground from under sb's feet couper l'herbe sous le pied de qn;

∎ her promotion cut the ground from under his feet sa promotion lui a coupé l'herbe sous le pied;

∎ familiar he couldn't cut it, he couldn't cut the mustard il n'était pas à la hauteur^□ ;

∎ to cut sth fine compter un peu juste, ne pas se laisser de marge;

∎ you're cutting it a bit fine vous comptez un peu juste;

∎ an hour is cutting it too fine une heure, ce n'est pas suffisant;

∎ familiar that argument cuts no ice with me cet argument ne m'impressionne pas^□ ;

∎ to cut a fine figure avoir fière allure;

∎ to cut one's losses sauver les meubles;

∎ we decided to cut our losses nous avons décidé de sauver les meubles;

∎ to cut a caper or capers (skip) faire des cabrioles, gambader; (fool around) faire l'idiot;

∎ Cars to cut a corner prendre un virage à la corde, couper un virage; figurative sauter des étapes;

∎ figurative to cut corners (economize excessively) faire des économies exagérées; (not follow rules) contourner les règlements;

∎ if you cut corners now you'll just have more work to do later on si tu fais les choses trop vite maintenant, tu auras plus à faire plus tard;

∎ figurative she doesn't believe in cutting corners elle fait toujours les choses à fond;

∎ figurative they cut corners to finish on time ils ont brûlé les étapes pour finir à temps;

∎ old-fashioned to cut a rug danser

2 intransitive verb

(a) (incise, slash) couper, trancher;

∎ this knife doesn't cut ce couteau ne coupe pas bien;

∎ cut around the edge découpez ou coupez en suivant le bord;

∎ she cut into the bread elle a entamé le pain;

∎ the rope cut into my wrists la corde m'a coupé ou cisaillé les poignets;

∎ the string is cutting into me le cordon me coupe la chair;

∎ figurative he cut through all the red tape il s'est dispensé de toutes les formalités administratives;

∎ figurative the whip cut through the air le fouet fendit l'air;

∎ figurative the yacht cut through the waves le yacht fendait les vagues;

∎ Nautical the boat cut loose le bateau a rompu les amarres;

∎ figurative to cut loose se libérer;

∎ to cut and run se sauver, filer;

∎ that argument cuts both or two ways c'est un argument à double tranchant

(b) (cloth, paper) se couper;

∎ this meat cuts easily cette viande se coupe facilement;

∎ the cake will cut into six pieces ce gâteau peut se couper en six

(c) (hurtfully) faire mal

(d) (take shorter route) couper, passer;

∎ cut through the back way and you'll get there first coupez par derrière et vous arriverez (là-bas) les premiers;

∎ we cut across the fields nous avons coupé par les champs

(e) (cross) traverser, couper; Mathematics (lines) se couper;

∎ this path cuts across or through the swamp ce sentier traverse ou coupe à travers le marécage

(f) (in cards) couper;

∎ they cut for the deal ils ont coupé avant de donner

(g) Cinema & Television (stop filming) couper;

∎ the film cuts straight from the love scene to the funeral l'image passe directement de la scène d'amour à l'enterrement;

∎ cut! coupez!

3 noun

(a) (slit) coupure f; (deeper) entaille f; (wound) balafre f; Medicine incision f;

∎ a cut on the arm une coupure ou une entaille au bras;

∎ she had a nasty cut on her leg from the fall elle s'était fait une vilaine entaille à la jambe en tombant;

∎ to be a cut above (the rest) être nettement mieux que les autres ou le reste;

∎ that film is a cut above the others ce film est nettement mieux que les autres

(b) (act of cutting) coupure f, entaille f;

∎ to make a cut in sth (with knife, scissors etc) faire une entaille dans qch

(c) (blow, stroke) coup m;

∎ a knife/sword cut un coup de couteau/d'épée;

∎ a saw cut un trait de scie;

∎ figurative his treachery was the unkindest cut of all sa trahison était le coup le plus perfide

(d) (meat → piece) morceau m; (→ slice) tranche f;

∎ a cut off the joint un morceau de rôti;

∎ prime cut morceau m de (premier) choix;

∎ cheap cuts bas morceaux mpl

(e) (reduction → in price, taxes) réduction f, diminution f; (→ in staff) compression f;

∎ a cut in government spending une réduction ou diminution des dépenses publiques;

∎ the cuts in the Health Service la réduction ou diminution du budget de la santé;

∎ she took a cut in pay elle a subi une diminution ou réduction de salaire;

∎ Finance the cuts les compressions fpl budgétaires;

∎ power or electricity cut coupure f de courant

(f) (deletion) coupure f;

∎ they made several cuts in the film ils ont fait plusieurs coupures dans le film

(g) (gibe, nasty remark) trait m, coup m

(h) (shape, style → of clothes, hair) coupe f; (→ of jewel) taille f;

∎ the cut of a suit la coupe d'un costume

(i) familiar (portion, share) part^□ f;

∎ what's his cut (of the profits)? à combien s'élève sa part?

(j) American familiar (absence) absence^□ f

(k) Cards coupe f

(l) familiar (on record) plage^□ f

(m) Cinema & Television coupe f;

∎ the cut from the love scene to the funeral le changement de séquence de la scène d'amour à l'enterrement

(n) Sport (in tennis → backspin) effet m; (in cricket) coup m tranchant

(o) American Typography (block) cliché m

(p) British (body of water) étendue f d'eau; (canal) canal m

(q) (of tobacco)

∎ I prefer a finer/coarser cut of tobacco je préfère le tabac plus fin/grossier

(r) (idioms)

∎ the cut and thrust of parliamentary debate les joutes oratoires des débats parlementaires;

∎ the cut and thrust of the business world la concurrence féroce qui règne dans le monde des affaires;

∎ it's cut and thrust la lutte est acharnée

4 adjective

(a) (hand, flowers) coupé; (tobacco) découpé

(b) (reduced) réduit; (shortened) raccourci;

∎ to sell sth at cut prices vendre qch au rabais;

∎ the cut version of the film la version raccourcie du film

(c) (shaped → clothing) coupé; (faceted → gem) taillé;

∎ a well-cut suit un costume bien coupé ou de bonne coupe

(d) British familiar (drunk) soûl, plein

►► cut glass cristal m taillé;

Computing cut sheet feed dispositif m d'alimentation feuille à feuille; (act) alimentation f feuille à feuille;

Computing cut sheet feeder dispositif m d'alimentation feuille à feuille

➲ cut across inseparable transitive verb

(a) (cross, traverse) traverser, couper à travers;

∎ it's quicker if you cut across the fields c'est plus rapide si tu coupes à travers (les) champs;

∎ they cut across country ils ont coupé à travers champs

(b) (go beyond) surpasser, transcender;

∎ the issue cuts across party lines la question transcende le clivage des partis

(c) (contradict) contredire, aller à l'encontre de;

∎ it cuts across all my principles ça va à l'encontre de tous mes principes

➲ cut along intransitive verb

British familiar old-fashioned filer

➲ cut away separable transitive verb

(remove) enlever ou ôter (en coupant); (branch) élaguer, émonder;

∎ they had to cut away the wreckage to reach the victim ils ont dû découper l'épave pour atteindre la victime

➲ cut back

1 intransitive verb

(a) (return) rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;

∎ we cut back to the car nous sommes revenus à la voiture

(b) Cinema & Television revenir en arrière

(c) (financially) économiser, réduire les dépenses

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (reduce) réduire, diminuer;

∎ arms spending has been cut right back les dépenses d'armement ont été nettement réduites

(b) (prune, trim) tailler; (shrub, tree) élaguer, tailler

➲ cut back on inseparable transitive verb

(financially) économiser sur; (time) réduire;

∎ the factory cut back on production la fabrique a réduit la production

➲ cut down separable transitive verb

(a) (tree) couper, abattre; (person → in battle) abattre;

∎ figurative he was cut down by malaria (killed) il est mort de la malaria; (incapacitated) il était terrassé par la malaria;

∎ literary to be cut down in one's prime être fauché à la fleur de l'âge

(b) (make smaller → article, speech) abréger; (→ clothing) rendre plus petit;

∎ to cut sth down to about 150,000 words réduire qch à environ 150 000 mots;

∎ she cuts down her dresses for her daughter elle ajuste ses robes pour sa fille;

∎ to cut sb down to size remettre qn à sa place

(c) (curtail) réduire, diminuer; (expenses) réduire, rogner;

∎ we've been asked to cut down the amount of time we devote to sports on nous a demandé de consacrer moins de temps au sport;

∎ he cut his smoking down to ten a day il ne fume plus que dix cigarettes par jour

➲ cut down on inseparable transitive verb

(expenditure) réduire;

∎ I'm going to cut down on drinking/smoking je vais boire/fumer moins;

∎ they have cut down on eating out in restaurants ils vont moins souvent au restaurant;

∎ to cut down on the amount of time spent doing sth passer moins de temps à faire qch

➲ cut in

1 intransitive verb

(a) (interrupt) interrompre;

∎ she cut in on their conversation elle est intervenue dans leur conversation;

∎ he cut in on me to ask a question il m'a coupé la parole pour poser une question;

∎ figurative the new store is cutting in on our business le nouveau magasin nous fait perdre de la clientèle

(b) Cars faire une queue de poisson;

∎ the taxi cut in on them le taxi leur a fait une queue de poisson

(c) (at a dance)

∎ mind if I cut in? vous permettez que je vous emprunte votre partenaire?

2 separable transitive verb

∎ (include) we should cut him in on the deal nous devrions l'intéresser à l'affaire

➲ cut into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (interrupt)

∎ to cut into a conversation intervenir dans ou interrompre brusquement la conversation

(b) (use)

∎ to cut into one's savings entamer ses économies;

∎ this work cuts into my free time ce travail empiète sur mes heures de loisir

➲ cut off separable transitive verb

(a) (hair, piece of meat, bread) couper; (arm, leg) amputer, couper;

∎ they cut off the king's head ils ont décapité le roi;

∎ he was cut off in his prime il a été emporté à la fleur de l'âge;

∎ she cut off her nose to spite her face elle s'est fait du tort en voulant se venger

(b) (interrupt → speaker) interrompre, couper;

∎ he was cut off in mid sentence il a été interrompu au milieu de sa phrase

(c) (disconnect, discontinue) couper;

∎ Telecommunications he's been cut off (during conversation) il a été coupé; (disconnected) on lui a coupé le téléphone;

∎ they cut off the electricity or power ils ont coupé le courant;

∎ they cut off his allowance ils lui ont coupé les vivres;

∎ her family cut her off without a penny sa famille l'a déshéritée;

∎ it cut off the supply of blood to the brain cela a empêché l'irrigation du cerveau

(d) (separate, isolate) isoler;

∎ the house was cut off by snow drifts la maison était isolée par des congères;

∎ he cut himself off from his family il a rompu avec sa famille;

∎ housewives often feel cut off les femmes au foyer se sentent souvent isolées

(e) (bar passage of) couper la route à;

∎ the police cut off the thief la police a barré le passage au voleur;

∎ the battalion cut off the enemy's retreat le bataillon a coupé la retraite à l'ennemi

➲ cut out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (make by cutting → coat, dress) couper, tailler; (→ statue) sculpter, tailler;

∎ a valley cut out by the river une vallée creusée par le fleuve;

∎ figurative to be cut out for sth être fait pour qch, avoir des dispositions pour qch;

∎ I'm not cut out for living abroad je ne suis pas fait pour vivre à l'étranger;

∎ he's not cut out to be a politician il n'a pas l'étoffe d'un homme politique;

∎ you have your work cut out for you vous avez du pain sur la planche ou de quoi vous occuper;

∎ she'll have her work cut out to finish the report on time elle va avoir du mal à finir le rapport à temps

(b) (remove by cutting → article, picture) découper; Medicine (→ tumour etc) enlever;

∎ advertisements cut out from or of the paper des annonces découpées dans le journal

(c) (eliminate) supprimer; (stop) arrêter;

∎ unnecessary expense must be cut out il faut éliminer ou supprimer les frais superflus;

∎ they cut out all references to the president ils ont supprimé toute référence au président;

∎ try and cut out all unnecessary details essayez de supprimer tous les détails superflus;

∎ he cut out smoking il a arrêté de fumer;

∎ cut out the screaming! arrête de crier!, assez crié!;

∎ familiar cut it out! ça suffit!, ça va comme ça!

(d) familiar (rival) supplanter^□

(e) (deprive) priver;

∎ his father cut him out of his will son père l'a rayé de son testament;

∎ they cut him out of his share ils lui ont escroqué sa part

(f) Photography & Typography détourer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (machine, engine → stop operating) caler; (→ switch off) s'éteindre

(b) American familiar (leave) mettre les bouts, calter

➲ cut up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (food, wood) couper; (meat → carve) découper; (→ chop up) hacher; (body) couper en morceaux

(b) (usu passive) familiar (affect deeply) she's really cut up about her dog's death la mort de son chien a été un coup pour elle^□ ;

∎ he's very cut up about it ça l'a beaucoup affecté^□

(c) American familiar (amuse)

∎ that really cut me up! ça m'a fait rire!^□

(d) British Cars faire une queue de poisson de

2 intransitive verb familiar

(a) American (fool around) faire le pitre

(b) British (idiom)

∎ to cut up rough se mettre en rogne ou en boule

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cut
4 about

1. adverb
1) (all around) rings[her]um; (here and there) überall

all about — ringsumher

strewn/littered about all over the room — überall im Zimmer verstreut

2) (near)

be about — da sein; hier sein

is John about? — ist John da?

there was nobody about — es war niemand da

3)

be about to do something — gerade etwas tun wollen

4) (active)

be out and about — aktiv sein

be up and about — auf sein (ugs.)

5) (approximately) ungefähr

[at] about 5 p.m. — ungefähr um od. gegen 17 Uhr

6) (round) herum; rum (ugs.)

about turn!, (Amer.) about face! — (Mil.) kehrt!

7)

[turn and] turn about — (in rotation) abwechselnd
2. preposition
1) (all around) um [... herum]

there was litter lying about the park/streets — überall im Park/auf den Straßen lag der Abfall herum

2) (with)

have something about one — etwas [bei sich] haben

3) (concerning) über (+ Akk.)

an argument/a question about something — Streit wegen etwas/eine Frage zu etwas

talk/laugh about something — über etwas (Akk.) sprechen/lachen

cry about something — wegen etwas weinen

know about something — von etwas wissen

what was it about? — worum ging es?

4) (occupied with)

be quick/brief about it — beeil dich!; (in speaking) fasse dich kurz!

while you're about it — da Sie gerade dabei sind

* * *
1. preposition
(on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) über
2. preposition, adverb
1) ((sometimes round about) near (in place, time, size etc): about five miles away; (round) about six o'clock; just about big enough.) ungefähr

2) (in different directions; here and there: The children ran about (the garden).) herum

3) (in or on some part (of a place etc): You'll find him somewhere about (the office).) irgendwo in...

4) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) um
3. adverb
((in military commands etc) in the opposite direction: About turn!) kehrt!

- academic.ru/115262/be_about_to">be about to

* * *

about

[əˈbaʊt]

I. prep

1. (on the subject of, concerning) über + akk

she had some misgivings \about the talk sie hatte wegen des Gesprächs Bedenken

he often tells jokes \about dumb blonds er erzählt oft Blondinenwitze

be quick \about it! beeil dich [damit]!, mach schnell!

anxiety \about the future Angst f vor der Zukunft, Zukunftsangst f

a book/movie/programme \about sth/sb ein Buch/ein Film/eine Sendung über etw/jdn

what's that book \about? worum geht es in dem Buch?

the movie is \about the American Civil War der Film handelt vom Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg

to have a discussion \about how/who/why... darüber diskutieren, wie/wer/warum...

to have a phobia \about spiders eine Spinnenphobie haben

to be happy \about sth sich akk über etw akk freuen

to be sure [or certain] /unsure [or uncertain] \about sth sich dat einer S. gen sicher/unsicher sein

he was still unsure \about what he should do er war sich noch immer nicht sicher, was er tun sollte

we are now certain \about our decision to move wir haben uns jetzt endgültig entschlossen umzuziehen

to ask sb \about sth/sb jdn nach etw/jdm fragen

to be on \about sth BRIT ( fam) sich akk über etw akk auslassen

to care \about sth/sb sich akk für etw/jdn interessieren

I don't care \about your opinion! deine Meinung interessiert mich nicht!

to dream \about sth/sb von etw/jdm träumen

she always dreams \about winning the lottery sie träumt immer davon, im Lotto zu gewinnen

to talk \about sth über etw akk sprechen

all \about sb/sth alles über jdn/etw

he taught us all \about biology wir haben von ihm alles über Biologie gelernt

it's all \about having fun es geht einfach nur darum, Spaß zu haben

2. (affecting) gegen + akk

to do something \about sth etwas gegen etw akk unternehmen

will you please do something \about the leaky tap? kümmerst du dich bitte mal um den tropfenden Wasserhahn?

I can't do anything \about it ich kann nichts dagegen machen

to do little/much/nothing \about sth wenig/viel/nichts gegen etw akk tun

there's nothing we can do \about it dagegen können wir nichts machen

to do nothing \about a problem ein Problem nicht anpacken, nicht gegen ein Problem vorgehen

3. (surrounding) um + akk

he takes little notice of the world \about him er nimmt von seiner Umgebung kaum Notiz

to put one's arms \about sb jdn umarmen

4. after vb (expressing movement)

to wander \about the house im Haus herumlaufen

to look \about the room sich akk im Zimmer umsehen

5. (expressing location)

she must be \about the place somewhere sie muss hier irgendwo sein; BRIT ( form)

do you have a pen \about you[r person]? haben Sie einen Kugelschreiber dabei?

6. (being a feature, characteristic of) an + dat

what exactly didn't you like \about the play? was genau hat dir an der Aufführung nicht gefallen?

there is a deep sadness \about him ihn umgibt eine tiefe Melancholie

he has a way \about him that I don't like er hat etwas an sich, das mir nicht gefällt

there's something strange \about him er hat etwas Merkwürdiges an sich

7. (aimed at)

▪ to be \about doing sth beabsichtigen [o darauf abzielen], etw zu tun

the takeover was not \about getting rid of competition die Übernahme sollte nicht die Konkurrenz ausschalten; BRIT ( fam)

8. BRIT ( fam: in the process of)

to be \about it gerade dabei sein

could you make me some coffee too while you're \about it? wo Sie gerade dabei sind, könnten Sie mir auch einen Kaffee machen?

9.

▶ to go \about sth (continue) mit etw dat fortfahren; (tackle) etw angehen

how shall go \about solving this problem? wie sollen wir dieses Problem angehen?

how do you go \about getting a fishing licence here? was muss man tun, wenn man hier einen Angelschein erwerben will?

▶ how \about sth/sb? wie wäre es mit jdm/etw?

how \about a cup of tea? wie wäre es mit einer Tasse Tee?

▶ to know what one is \about ( fam) wissen, was man tut

▶ what \about it? was ist damit?

is that your car? — yes, what \about it? ist das da Ihr Auto? — ja, was ist damit?

▶ and what \about us? und was ist mit uns?

▶ what \about your job? wie läuft es bei der Arbeit?

▶ what \about going [or a trip] to the zoo? wie wäre es mit einem Besuch im Zoo?

II. adv inv

1. (approximately) ungefähr

he's \about six feet tall er ist ungefähr 1,80 m groß

\about eight [o'clock] [so] gegen acht [Uhr]

\about two days/months ago vor etwa zwei Tagen/Monaten

2. (almost) fast

I've had just \about enough from you! ich habe allmählich genug von dir!

that's just \about the limit! das ist ja so ziemlich das Letzte!

3. (barely)

we just \about made it wir haben es gerade noch [so] geschafft

he earns just \about enough to live on er verdient gerade mal genug zum Leben

4. esp BRIT (around) herum

don't leave things \about on the floor lass nichts auf dem Boden herumliegen

some people were standing \about ein paar Leute standen so herum

there's a lot of flu \about at the moment im Moment geht die Grippe um

to be up [or out] and \about auf den Beinen sein

to move \about herumlaufen, umherlaufen

stop moving \about! bleib doch mal [ruhig] stehen!

5. esp BRIT (in the area) hier, in der Nähe

is Cathy \about? ist Cathy hier irgendwo?

she must be \about somewhere sie muss hier irgendwo sein

have you seen Peter \about? hast du Peter irgendwo gesehen?

there was nobody \about es war keiner da

6. ( form: opposite) andersherum

to turn sth \about etw herumdrehen

\about turn [or AM face]! MIL [Abteilung] kehrt!

7. (intending)

▪ to be \about to do sth im Begriff sein [o gerade vorhaben], etw zu tun

she was [just] \about to leave when Mark arrived sie wollte gerade gehen, als Mark kam

he was \about to burst into tears er wäre fast in Tränen ausgebrochen

we're just \about to have supper wir wollen gerade zu Abend essen

I'm not \about to beg for his apology ich werde ihn bestimmt nicht um eine Entschuldigung bitten

8.

▶ that's \about all [or it] das wär's

anything else? — no, that's \about it for now wünschen Sie noch etwas? — nein, das wäre erst einmal alles [o das wär's fürs Erste]

* * *
[ə'baʊt]
1. adv

1) (esp Brit) herum, umher; (= present) in der Nähe

to run/walk about — herum- or umherrennen/-gehen

I looked (all) about — ich sah ringsumher

to leave things (lying) about — Sachen herumliegen lassen

to be ( up and) about again —

we were about early — wir waren früh auf den Beinen

there's a thief about — ein Dieb geht um

there's plenty of money about — es ist Geld in Mengen vorhanden

there was nobody about who could help — es war niemand in der Nähe, der hätte helfen können

at night when there's nobody about — nachts, wenn niemand unterwegs ist

where is he/it? – he's/it's about somewhere — wo ist er/es? – (er/es ist) irgendwo in der Nähe

it's the other way about — es ist gerade umgekehrt

day and day about — (täglich) abwechselnd

See:

→ out, turn, up

2)

to be about to — im Begriff sein zu; ( esp US inf

I was about to go out — ich wollte gerade ausgehen

it's about to rain — es regnet gleich or demnächst

he's about to start school —

we are about to run out of coffee — uns geht demnächst der Kaffee aus, wir haben bald keinen Kaffee mehr

are you about to tell me...? — willst du mir etwa erzählen...?

3) (= approximately) ungefähr, (so) um... (herum)

he's about 40 —

about 2 o'clock — ungefähr or so um 2 Uhr

he is about the same, doctor — sein Zustand hat sich kaum geändert, Herr Doktor

that's about it — das ist so ziemlich alles, das wärs (so ziemlich) (inf)

that's about right — das stimmt (so) ungefähr

I've had about enough (of this nonsense) — jetzt reicht es mir aber allmählich (mit diesem Unsinn)

he was about dead from exhaustion — er war halb tot vor Erschöpfung

See:

→ just, round, time

2. prep

1) (esp Brit) um (... herum); (= in) in (+dat) (... herum)

the fields about the house — die Felder ums Haus (herum)

scattered about the room — im ganzen or über das ganze Zimmer verstreut

somewhere about here — irgendwo hierherum

all about the house — im ganzen Haus (herum)

to sit about the house —

to do jobs about the house — sich im Haus (herum) nützlich machen

he looked about him — er schaute sich um

there's something about him/about the way he speaks — er/seine Art zu reden hat so etwas an sich

while you're about it —

you've been a long time about it — du hast lange dazu gebraucht

and be quick about it! — und beeil dich damit!, aber ein bisschen dalli! (inf)

2) (= concerning) über (+acc)

tell me all about it — erzähl doch mal

he knows about it — er weiß darüber Bescheid, er weiß davon

what's it all about? — worum or um was (inf) handelt es sich or geht es (eigentlich)?

he knows what it's all about — er weiß Bescheid

he's promised to do something about it — er hat versprochen, (in der Sache) etwas zu unternehmen

they fell out about money — sie haben sich wegen Geld zerstritten

how or what about me? — und ich, was ist mit mir? (inf)

how or what about it/going to the cinema? —

what about that book? have you brought it back? — was ist mit dem Buch? hast du es zurückgebracht?

(yes,) what about it/him? —

he doesn't know what he's about — er weiß nicht, was er (eigentlich) tut

* * *

about [əˈbaʊt]

A adv

1. umher, (rings-, rund)herum, in der Runde:

all about überall;

a long way about ein großer Umweg;

the wrong way about falsch herum;

three miles about drei Meilen im Umkreis

2. ungefähr, etwa, nahezu:

it’s about time that … es ist an der Zeit, dass …; es wird langsam Zeit, dass …;

and about time, about time too es wurde aber auch langsam Zeit;

it’s about right umg es kommt so ungefähr hin;

that’s about it, that’s about all das wärs; → just B 5

3. (halb) herum, in der entgegengesetzten Richtung:

be about SCHIFF klar zum Wenden sein; → face C 1, turn¹ A 27

4. be about to do sth im Begriff oder dabei oder auf dem Sprung sein, etwas zu tun;

he was about to go out, when … er wollte gerade ausgehen, als …;

not be about to do sth bes US umg nicht die Absicht haben oder nicht daran denken, etwas zu tun

5. in der Nähe, da:

there is no one about

6. be about umgehen (Krankheit):

there are a lot of colds about at the moment zurzeit sind viele erkältet

B präp

1. besonders Br um, um … herum

2. (irgendwo) herum in (dat):

wander about the streets in den Straßen herumwandern

3. bei, auf (dat), an (dat), um:

have you got any money about you? haben Sie Geld bei sich?;

there is nothing about him an ihm ist nichts Besonderes;

have sth about one etwas an sich haben;

he had a gun hidden about his person er hatte eine Pistole in seiner Kleidung versteckt

4. um, gegen, etwa:

about my height ungefähr meine Größe;

about this time (etwa oder ungefähr) um diese Zeit;

about noon um die Mittagszeit, gegen Mittag

5. über (akk):

talk about business;

what is it (all) about? worum handelt es sich (eigentlich)?

6. beschäftigt mit:

he knows what he is about er weiß, was er tut oder was er will;

what are you about?

a) was machst du da?,

b) was hast du vor?;

and while you’re about it und wenn du schon dabei bist

C v/t SCHIFF ein Schiff wenden

* * *
1. adverb
1) (all around) rings[her]um; (here and there) überall

all about — ringsumher

strewn/littered about all over the room — überall im Zimmer verstreut

2) (near)

be about — da sein; hier sein

is John about? — ist John da?

there was nobody about — es war niemand da

3)

be about to do something — gerade etwas tun wollen

4) (active)

be out and about — aktiv sein

be up and about — auf sein (ugs.)

5) (approximately) ungefähr

[at] about 5 p.m. — ungefähr um od. gegen 17 Uhr

6) (round) herum; rum (ugs.)

about turn!, (Amer.) about face! — (Mil.) kehrt!

7)

[turn and] turn about — (in rotation) abwechselnd
2. preposition
1) (all around) um [... herum]

there was litter lying about the park/streets — überall im Park/auf den Straßen lag der Abfall herum

2) (with)

have something about one — etwas [bei sich] haben

3) (concerning) über (+ Akk.)

an argument/a question about something — Streit wegen etwas/eine Frage zu etwas

talk/laugh about something — über etwas (Akk.) sprechen/lachen

cry about something — wegen etwas weinen

know about something — von etwas wissen

what was it about? — worum ging es?

4) (occupied with)

be quick/brief about it — beeil dich!; (in speaking) fasse dich kurz!

while you're about it — da Sie gerade dabei sind

* * *

adj.

etwa adj.

gegen adj.

um... adj.

ungefähr adj. prep.

über präp.

English-german dictionary > about
5 run

run [rʌn]

course ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) excursion ⇒ 1 (c) trajet ⇒ 1 (e) vol ⇒ 1 (f) série ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (k) tendance ⇒ 1 (l) ruée ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) organiser ⇒ 2 (b) (faire) marcher ⇒ 2 (c), 3 (k) courir ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a), 3 (b) transporter ⇒ 2 (i) conduire ⇒ 2 (k) (faire) passer ⇒ 2 (l), 2 (m), 3 (d) se sauver ⇒ 3 (c) couler ⇒ 3 (h), 3 (i) fondre ⇒ 3 (i) circuler ⇒ 3 (l) durer ⇒ 3 (m) être à l'affiche ⇒ 3 (n) (se) présenter ⇒ 2 (q), 3 (r)

(pt ran [ræn], pp run, cont running)

1 noun

(a) (action) course f;

∎ he took a short run and cleared the gate après un court élan il a franchi la barrière;

∎ at a run en courant;

∎ to go for a run aller faire du jogging;

∎ to go for a 5-mile run ≃ courir 8 kilomètres;

∎ I took the dog for a run in the park j'ai emmené le chien courir dans le parc;

∎ two policemen arrived at a run deux policiers sont arrivés au pas de course;

∎ to break into a run se mettre à courir;

∎ to make a run for it prendre la fuite, se sauver;

∎ the murderer is on the run le meurtrier est en cavale;

∎ she was on the run from her creditors/the police elle essayait d'échapper à ses créanciers/à la police;

∎ we've got them on the run! nous les avons mis en déroute!;

∎ figurative we have the run of the house while the owners are away nous disposons de toute la maison pendant l'absence des propriétaires;

∎ we give the au pair the run of the place nous laissons à la jeune fille au pair la libre disposition de la maison;

∎ you've had a good run (for your money), it's time to step down tu en as bien profité, maintenant il faut laisser la place à un autre;

∎ they gave the Russian team a good run for their money ils ont donné du fil à retordre à l'équipe soviétique;

∎ familiar to have the runs (diarrhoea) avoir la courante

(b) (race) course f;

∎ a charity run une course de charité

(c) (drive) excursion f, promenade f;

∎ we went for a run down to the coast nous sommes allés nous promener au bord de la mer;

∎ she took me for a run in her new car elle m'a emmené faire un tour dans sa nouvelle voiture;

∎ humorous shall I make or do a beer run? je vais chercher de la bière?;

∎ I do the school run in the morning c'est moi qui emmène les enfants à l'école tous les matins

(d) (for smuggling) passage m;

∎ the gang used to make runs across the border le gang passait régulièrement la frontière

(e) (route, itinerary) trajet m, parcours m;

∎ the buses on the London to Glasgow run les cars qui font le trajet ou qui assurent le service Londres-Glasgow;

∎ he used to do the London (to) Glasgow run (pilot, bus or train driver) il faisait la ligne Londres-Glasgow;

∎ it's only a short run into town le trajet jusqu'au centre-ville n'est pas long;

∎ there was very little traffic on the run down nous avons rencontré très peu de circulation

(f) Aviation (flight) vol m, mission f;

∎ bombing run mission f de bombardement

(g) Sport (in cricket, baseball) point m;

∎ to make 10 runs marquer 10 points

(h) (track → for skiing, bobsleighing) piste f

(i) (series, sequence) série f, succession f, suite f;

∎ they've had a run of ten defeats ils ont connu dix défaites consécutives;

∎ the recent run of events la récente série d'événements;

∎ a run of bad luck une série ou suite de malheurs;

∎ you seem to be having a run of good/bad luck on dirait que la chance est/n'est pas de ton côté en ce moment;

∎ the play had a triumphant run on Broadway la pièce a connu un succès triomphal à Broadway;

∎ the play had a run of nearly two years la pièce a tenu l'affiche (pendant) presque deux ans;

∎ to have a long run (of fashion, person in power) tenir longtemps; (of play) tenir longtemps l'affiche;

∎ in the long/short run à long/court terme

(j) (in card games) suite f

(k) (of product) lot m, série f; (of book) tirage m;

∎ a run of fewer than 500 would be uneconomical fabriquer une série de moins de 500 unités ne serait pas rentable

(l) (general tendency, trend) tendance f;

∎ to score against the run of play marquer contre le jeu;

∎ I was lucky and got the run of the cards j'avais de la chance, les cartes m'étaient favorables;

∎ the usual run of colds and upset stomachs les rhumes et les maux de ventre habituels;

∎ she's well above the average or ordinary run of students elle est bien au-dessus de la moyenne des étudiants;

∎ the ordinary run of mankind le commun des mortels;

∎ in the ordinary run of things normalement, en temps normal;

∎ out of the common run hors du commun

(m) (great demand → on product, currency, Stock Exchange) ruée f (on sur);

∎ the heatwave caused a run on suntan cream la vague de chaleur provoqua une ruée sur les crèmes solaires;

∎ a run on the banks un retrait massif des dépôts bancaires;

∎ Stock Exchange there was a run on the dollar il y a eu une ruée sur le dollar

(n) (operation → of machine) opération f;

∎ computer run passage m machine

(o) (bid → in election) candidature f;

∎ his run for the presidency sa candidature à la présidence

(p) (ladder → in stocking, tights) échelle f, maille f filée;

∎ I've got a run in my tights mon collant est filé

(q) (enclosure → for animals) enclos m;

∎ chicken run poulailler m

(r) (of salmon) remontée f

(s) Music roulade f

2 transitive verb

(a) (manage → company, office) diriger, gérer; (→ shop, restaurant, club) tenir; (→ theatre) diriger; (→ farm) exploiter; (→ newspaper, magazine) rédiger; (→ house) tenir; (→ country) gouverner, diriger;

∎ she runs the bar while her parents are away elle tient le bar pendant l'absence de ses parents;

∎ a badly run organization une organisation mal gérée;

∎ the library is run by volunteer workers la bibliothèque est tenue par des bénévoles;

∎ the farm was too big for him to run alone la ferme était trop grande pour qu'il puisse s'en occuper seul;

∎ who's running this outfit? qui est le patron ici?;

∎ I wish she'd stop trying to run my life! j'aimerais bien qu'elle arrête de me dire comment vivre ma vie!

(b) (organize, lay on → service, course, contest) organiser; (→ train, bus) mettre en service;

∎ to run a bridge tournament/a raffle organiser un tournoi de bridge/une tombola;

∎ they run evening classes in computing ils organisent des cours du soir en informatique;

∎ they run extra trains in the summer l'été ils mettent (en service) des trains supplémentaires;

∎ several private companies run buses to the airport plusieurs sociétés privées assurent un service d'autobus pour l'aéroport

(c) (operate → piece of equipment) faire marcher, faire fonctionner; Computing (program) exécuter, faire tourner;

∎ you can run it off solar energy/the mains vous pouvez le faire fonctionner à l'énergie solaire/sur secteur;

∎ this computer runs most software on peut utiliser la plupart des logiciels sur cet ordinateur;

∎ Aviation to run the engines (for checking) faire le point fixe;

∎ I can't afford to run a car any more je n'ai plus les moyens d'avoir une voiture;

∎ she runs a Porsche elle roule en Porsche

(d) (conduct → experiment, test) effectuer

(e) (do or cover at a run → race, distance) courir;

∎ to run the marathon courir le marathon;

∎ I can still run 2 km in under 7 minutes j'arrive encore à courir ou à couvrir 2 km en moins de 7 minutes;

∎ the children were running races les enfants faisaient la course;

∎ the race will be run in Paris next year la course aura lieu à Paris l'année prochaine;

∎ to run messages or errands faire des commissions ou des courses;

∎ he'd run a mile if he saw it il prendrait ses jambes à son cou s'il voyait ça;

∎ it looks as if his race is run on dirait qu'il a fait son temps

(f) (cause to run)

∎ to be run off one's feet être débordé;

∎ you're running the poor boy off his feet! le pauvre, tu es en train de l'épuiser!;

∎ to run oneself to a standstill courir jusqu'à l'épuisement

(g) (enter for race → horse, greyhound) faire courir

(h) (hunt, chase) chasser;

∎ to run deer chasser le cerf;

∎ the outlaws were run out of town les hors-la-loi furent chassés de la ville

(i) (transport → goods) transporter; (give lift to → person) conduire, emmener;

∎ I'll run you to the bus stop je vais te conduire à l'arrêt de bus;

∎ to run sb back home reconduire qn chez lui;

∎ I've got to run these boxes over to my new house je dois emporter ces boîtes dans ma nouvelle maison

(j) (smuggle) faire le trafic de;

∎ he's suspected of running drugs/guns il est soupçonné de trafic de drogue/d'armes

(k) (drive → vehicle) conduire;

∎ I ran the car into the driveway j'ai mis la voiture dans l'allée;

∎ could you run your car back a bit? pourriez-vous reculer un peu votre voiture?;

∎ I ran my car into a lamppost je suis rentré dans un réverbère (avec ma voiture);

∎ he tried to run me off the road! il a essayé de me faire sortir de la route!

(l) (pass, quickly or lightly) passer;

∎ he ran his hand through his hair il se passa la main dans les cheveux;

∎ he ran a comb through his hair il se donna un coup de peigne;

∎ I'll run a duster over the furniture je passerai un coup de chiffon sur les meubles;

∎ she ran her hands over the controls elle promena ses mains sur les boutons de commande;

∎ she ran her finger down the list/her eye over the text elle parcourut la liste du doigt/le texte des yeux

(m) (send via specified route) faire passer;

∎ it would be better to run the wires under the floorboards ce serait mieux de faire passer les fils sous le plancher;

∎ we could run a cable from the house nous pourrions amener un câble de la maison;

∎ run the other end of the rope through the loop passez l'autre bout de la corde dans la boucle

(n) (go through or past → blockade) forcer; (→ rapids) franchir; American (→ red light) brûler

(o) (cause to flow) faire couler;

∎ run the water into the basin faites couler l'eau dans la cuvette;

∎ to run a bath faire couler un bain

(p) (publish) publier;

∎ the local paper is running a series of articles on the scandal le journal local publie une série d'articles sur le scandale;

∎ to run an ad (in the newspaper) passer ou faire passer une annonce (dans le journal)

(q) (enter for election) présenter;

∎ they're running a candidate in every constituency ils présentent un candidat dans chaque circonscription

(r) Medicine

∎ to run a temperature or fever avoir de la fièvre

(s) (expose oneself to)

∎ to run the danger or risk of doing sth courir le risque de faire qch;

∎ you run the risk of a heavy fine vous risquez une grosse amende;

∎ do you realize the risks you're running? est-ce que vous réalisez les risques que vous prenez?

3 intransitive verb

(a) (gen) courir;

∎ I run every morning in the park je cours tous les matins dans le parc;

∎ to come running towards sb accourir vers qn;

∎ they ran out of the house ils sont sortis de la maison en courant;

∎ to run upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre l'escalier en courant;

∎ I had to run for the train j'ai dû courir pour attraper le train;

∎ she ran for the police elle a couru chercher la police;

∎ run and fetch me a glass of water cours me chercher un verre d'eau;

∎ I'll just run across or round or over to the shop je fais un saut à l'épicerie;

∎ to run to meet sb courir ou se précipiter à la rencontre de qn;

∎ I've been running all over the place looking for you j'ai couru partout à ta recherche;

∎ figurative I didn't expect her to go running to the press with the story je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'elle coure raconter l'histoire à la presse;

∎ don't come running to me with your problems ne viens pas m'embêter avec tes problèmes

(b) (compete in race) courir; (score in cricket, baseball) marquer;

∎ to run in a race (horse, person) participer à une course;

∎ there are twenty horses running in the race vingt chevaux participent à la course;

∎ she ran for her country in the Olympics elle a couru pour son pays aux jeux Olympiques

(c) (flee) se sauver, fuir;

∎ run for your lives! sauve qui peut!;

∎ familiar if the night watchman sees you, run for it! si le veilleur de nuit te voit, tire-toi ou file!;

∎ figurative you can't just keep running from your past vous ne pouvez pas continuer à fuir votre passé

(d) (pass → road, railway, boundary) passer;

∎ a tunnel runs under the mountain un tunnel passe sous la montagne;

∎ the railway line runs through a valley/over a viaduct le chemin de fer passe dans une vallée/sur un viaduc;

∎ the pipes run under the road les tuyaux passent sous la route;

∎ the road runs alongside the river/parallel to the coast la route longe la rivière/la côte;

∎ hedgerows run between the fields des haies séparent les champs;

∎ the road runs due north la route va droit vers le nord;

∎ to run north and south être orienté nord-sud;

∎ a canal running from London to Birmingham un canal qui va de Londres à Birmingham;

∎ a high fence runs around the building une grande barrière fait le tour du bâtiment;

∎ the lizard has red markings running down its back le dos du lézard est zébré de rouge;

∎ the line of print ran off the page la ligne a débordé de la feuille;

∎ figurative our lives seem to be running in different directions il semble que nos vies prennent des chemins différents

(e) (move, go → ball, vehicle) rouler; (slip, slide → rope, cable) filer;

∎ the pram ran down the hill out of control le landau a dévalé la côte;

∎ the tram runs on special tracks le tramway roule sur des rails spéciaux;

∎ the crane runs on rails la grue se déplace sur des rails;

∎ the piano runs on casters le piano est monté sur (des) roulettes;

∎ the truck ran off the road le camion a quitté la route;

∎ let the cord run through your hands laissez la corde filer entre vos mains;

∎ his fingers ran over the controls ses doigts se promenèrent sur les boutons de commande;

∎ her eyes ran down the list elle parcourut la liste des yeux;

∎ a shiver ran down my spine un frisson me parcourut le dos;

∎ his thoughts ran to that hot August day in Paris cette chaude journée d'août à Paris lui revint à l'esprit

(f) (words, text)

∎ how does that last verse run? c'est quoi la dernière strophe?;

∎ their argument or reasoning runs something like this voici plus ou moins leur raisonnement;

∎ the conversation ran something like this voilà en gros ce qui s'est dit

(g) (spread → rumour, news) se répandre

(h) (flow → river, water, tap, nose) couler;

∎ let the water run until it's hot laisse couler l'eau jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit chaude;

∎ the water's run cold l'eau est froide au robinet;

∎ you've let the water run cold tu as laissé couler l'eau trop longtemps, elle est devenue froide;

∎ your bath is running ton bain est en train de couler;

∎ your nose is running tu as le nez qui coule;

∎ the cold made our eyes run le froid nous piquait les yeux;

∎ the hot water runs along/down this pipe l'eau chaude passe/descend dans ce tuyau;

∎ their faces were running with sweat leurs visages ruisselaient de transpiration;

∎ tears ran down her face des larmes coulaient sur son visage;

∎ the streets were running with blood le sang coulait dans les rues;

∎ the river ran red with blood les eaux de la rivière étaient rouges de sang;

∎ the Jari runs into the Amazon le Jari se jette dans l'Amazone

(i) (butter, ice cream, wax) fondre; (cheese) couler; (paint) goutter;

∎ her mascara had run son mascara avait coulé

(j) (in wash → colour, fabric) déteindre;

∎ wash that dress separately, the colour might run lave cette robe à part, elle pourrait déteindre

(k) (operate → engine, machine, business) marcher, fonctionner;

∎ to run on or off electricity/gas/diesel fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz/au diesel;

∎ this machine runs off the mains cet appareil se branche sur (le) secteur;

∎ the tape recorder was still running le magnétophone était encore en marche;

∎ leave the engine running laissez tourner le moteur;

∎ the engine is running smoothly le moteur tourne rond;

∎ the new assembly line is up and running la nouvelle chaîne de montage est en service;

∎ Computing do not interrupt the program while it is running ne pas interrompre le programme en cours d'exécution;

∎ Computing this software runs on DOS ce logiciel tourne sous DOS;

∎ Computing running at… cadencé à…;

∎ figurative everything is running smoothly tout marche très bien

(l) (public transport) circuler;

∎ this train doesn't run/only runs on Sundays ce train ne circule pas/ne circule que le dimanche;

∎ some bus lines run all night certaines lignes d'autobus sont en service toute la nuit;

∎ the buses stop running at midnight après minuit il n'y a plus de bus;

∎ trains running between London and Manchester trains qui circulent entre Londres et Manchester;

∎ trains running to Calais are cancelled les trains à destination de Calais sont annulés;

∎ he took the tube that runs through Clapham il prit la ligne de métro qui passe par Clapham

(m) (last) durer; (be valid → contract) être ou rester valide; (→ agreement) être ou rester en vigueur; Finance (→ interest) courir;

∎ the sales run from the beginning to the end of January les soldes durent du début à la fin janvier;

∎ the sales have only another two days to run il ne reste que deux jours de soldes;

∎ the meeting ran for an hour longer than expected la réunion a duré une heure de plus que prévu;

∎ I'd like the ad to run for a week je voudrais que l'annonce passe pendant une semaine;

∎ the lease has another year to run le bail n'expire pas avant un an;

∎ your subscription will run for two years votre abonnement sera valable deux ans;

∎ interest runs from 1 January les intérêts courent à partir du 1er janvier

(n) Cinema & Theatre (be performed → play, film) être à l'affiche;

∎ the play has been running for a year la pièce est à l'affiche depuis un an;

∎ the film is currently running in Hull le film est actuellement sur les écrans à Hull;

∎ his new musical should run and run! sa nouvelle comédie musicale devrait tenir l'affiche pendant des mois!;

∎ Television this soap opera has been running for twenty years ça fait vingt ans que ce feuilleton est diffusé;

∎ America's longest-running TV series la plus longue série télévisée américaine

(o) (occur → inherited trait, illness)

∎ twins run in our family les jumeaux sont courants dans la famille;

∎ heart disease runs in the family les maladies cardiaques sont fréquentes dans notre famille

(p) (range) aller;

∎ the colours run from dark blue to bright green les couleurs vont du bleu foncé au vert vif

(q) (indicating current state or condition)

∎ to run high (sea) être grosse ou houleuse;

∎ feelings or tempers were running high les esprits étaient échauffés;

∎ their ammunition was running low ils commençaient à manquer de munitions;

∎ our stores are running low nos provisions s'épuisent ou tirent à leur fin;

∎ he's running scared il a la frousse;

∎ to be running late être en retard, avoir du retard;

∎ programmes are running ten minutes late les émissions ont toutes dix minutes de retard;

∎ sorry I can't stop, I'm running a bit late désolé, je ne peux pas rester, je suis un peu en retard;

∎ events are running in our favour les événements tournent en notre faveur;

∎ inflation was running at 18 percent le taux d'inflation était de 18 pour cent

(r) (be candidate, stand) se présenter;

∎ to run for president or the presidency se présenter aux élections présidentielles, être candidat aux élections présidentielles ou à la présidence;

∎ to run for office se porter candidat;

∎ she's running on a law-and-order ticket elle se présente aux élections avec un programme basé sur la lutte contre l'insécurité;

∎ he ran against Reagan in 1984 il s'est présenté contre Reagan en 1984

(s) (drive) faire un tour ou une promenade;

∎ why don't we run down to the coast/up to London? si on faisait un tour jusqu'à la mer/jusqu'à Londres?

(t) Nautical (boat)

∎ to run (before the wind) filer vent arrière;

∎ to run aground échouer; figurative (project, plan) capoter

(u) (ladder → stocking, tights) filer

(v) (salmon) remonter les rivières

(w) (tide) monter

➲ run about intransitive verb

British courir (çà et là);

∎ I've been running about all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!

➲ run across

1 inseparable transitive verb

(meet → acquaintance) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (find → book, reference) trouver par hasard, tomber sur

2 intransitive verb

traverser en courant

➲ run after inseparable transitive verb

also figurative courir après;

∎ it's not like her to run after a man ce n'est pas son genre de courir après un homme;

∎ she spends half her life running after her kids elle passe son temps à être derrière les enfants;

∎ he's got all these assistants running after him the whole time il a tout un tas d'assistants qui passent sans arrêt derrière ce qu'il fait

➲ run along intransitive verb

(go away) s'en aller, partir;

∎ it's getting late, I must be running along il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille;

∎ run along to bed now, children! allez les enfants, au lit maintenant!

➲ run around intransitive verb familiar

(a) (from place to place) courir (çà et là)^□ ;

∎ I've been running around all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!^□

(b) (be unfaithful → husband) courir après les femmes; (→ wife) courir après les hommes;

∎ he was sure his wife was running around il était sûr que sa femme le trompait^□

➲ run around with inseparable transitive verb

familiar (be friendly with) fréquenter^□ ; (have affair with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ he's always running around with other women il est toujours en train de courir après d'autres femmes

➲ run away intransitive verb

(a) (flee) se sauver, s'enfuir;

∎ their son has run away from home leur fils a fait une fugue;

∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run away je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas;

∎ run away and play now, children allez jouer ailleurs, les enfants;

∎ figurative to run away from one's responsibilities fuir ses responsabilités;

∎ to run away from the facts se refuser à l'évidence

(b) (elope) partir

➲ run away with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (secretly or illegally) partir avec;

∎ he ran away with his best friend's wife il est parti avec la femme de son meilleur ami;

∎ he ran away with the takings il est parti avec la caisse

(b) (overwhelm)

∎ don't let your excitement run away with you gardez votre calme;

∎ she tends to let her imagination run away with her elle a tendance à se laisser emporter par son imagination

(c) (get → idea)

∎ don't go running away with the idea or the notion that it will be easy n'allez pas vous imaginer que ce sera facile

(d) (win → race, match) emporter haut la main; (→ prize) remporter;

∎ they ran away with nearly all the medals ils ont remporté presque toutes les médailles

➲ run back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (drive back) raccompagner (en voiture);

∎ she ran me back home elle m'a ramené ou raccompagné chez moi en voiture;

∎ he ran me back on his motorbike il m'a raccompagné en moto

(b) (rewind → tape, film) rembobiner

2 intransitive verb

(a) (return) retourner ou revenir en courant;

∎ familiar to come running back (errant husband etc) revenir^□

(b) (review)

∎ to run back over sth passer qch en revue

➲ run by separable transitive verb

∎ to run sth by sb (submit) soumettre qch à qn;

∎ you'd better run that by the committee vous feriez mieux de demander l'avis du comité;

∎ run that by me again répétez-moi ça

➲ run down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (reduce, diminish → gen) réduire; (→ number of employees) diminuer; (→ stocks) laisser s'épuiser; (→ industry, factory) fermer progressivement;

∎ they are running down their military presence in Africa ils réduisent leur présence militaire en Afrique;

∎ the government was accused of running down the steel industry le gouvernement a été accusé de laisser dépérir la sidérurgie;

∎ you've run the battery down vous avez déchargé la pile; (of car) vous avez vidé ou déchargé la batterie, vous avez mis la batterie à plat

(b) familiar (criticize, denigrate) rabaisser^□ ;

∎ they're always running her friends down ils passent leur temps à dire du mal de ou à dénigrer ses amis^□ ;

∎ stop running yourself down all the time cesse de te rabaisser constamment

(c) (in car → pedestrian, animal) renverser, écraser;

∎ he was run down by a bus il s'est fait renverser par un bus

(d) (track down → animal, criminal) (traquer et) capturer; (→ person, object) dénicher;

∎ I finally ran down the reference in the library j'ai fini par dénicher la référence à la bibliothèque

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person) descendre en courant

(b) (clock, machine) s'arrêter; (battery → through use) s'user; (→ through a fault) se décharger;

∎ the batteries in the radio are beginning to run down les piles de la radio commencent à être usées

➲ run in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) British (car, engine) roder

(b) familiar (arrest) pincer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person) entrer en courant

(b) British (car, engine)

∎ running in en rodage

➲ run into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (encounter → problem, difficulty) rencontrer

(b) (meet → acquaintance) rencontrer (par hasard), tomber sur;

∎ to run into debt faire des dettes, s'endetter

(c) (collide with → of car, driver) percuter, rentrer dans;

∎ I ran into a lamppost je suis rentrée dans un réverbère;

∎ you should be more careful, you nearly ran into me! tu devrais faire attention, tu as failli me rentrer dedans!

(d) (amount to) s'élever à;

∎ debts running into millions of dollars des dettes qui s'élèvent à des millions de dollars;

∎ takings run into five figures la recette atteint les cinq chiffres

(e) (merge into) se fondre dans, se confondre avec;

∎ the red runs into orange le rouge devient orange;

∎ the words began to run into each other before my eyes les mots commençaient à se confondre devant mes yeux

➲ run off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (print) tirer, imprimer; (photocopy) photocopier;

∎ run me off five copies of this report faites-moi cinq copies de ce rapport

(b) (write quickly) (article) pondre

(c) Sport (race) disputer;

∎ the heats will be run off tomorrow les éliminatoires se disputeront demain

(d) (lose → excess weight, fat) perdre en courant

(e) (liquid) laisser s'écouler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (flee) se sauver, s'enfuir;

∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run off je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas

(b) (liquid) s'écouler

➲ run on

1 separable transitive verb

(lines of writing) ne pas découper en paragraphes; (letters, words) ne pas séparer, lier

2 intransitive verb

(a) (continue) continuer, durer; (drag on) s'éterniser;

∎ the play ran on for hours la pièce a duré des heures;

∎ the discussion ran on for an extra hour la discussion a duré une heure de plus que prévu

(b) familiar (talk non-stop) parler sans cesse^□ ;

∎ he does run on rather quand il est parti celui-là, il ne s'arrête plus;

∎ he can run on for hours if you let him si tu le laisses faire il peut tenir le crachoir pendant des heures

(c) (line of text) suivre sans alinéa; (verse) enjamber

➲ run out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (cable, rope) laisser filer

(b) (in cricket)

∎ to run a batsman out mettre un batteur hors jeu

2 intransitive verb

(a) (person, animal) sortir en courant; (liquid) s'écouler

(b) (be used up → supplies, money etc) s'épuiser, (venir à) manquer; (→ time) filer;

∎ hurry up, time is running out! dépêchez-vous, il ne reste plus beaucoup de temps!;

∎ their luck finally ran out la chance a fini par tourner, leur chance n'a pas duré

(c) (expire → contract, passport, agreement) expirer, venir à expiration

➲ run out of inseparable transitive verb

manquer de;

∎ we're running out of ammunition nous commençons à manquer de munitions;

∎ we're running out of sugar nous allons nous trouver à court de sucre;

∎ he's run out of money il n'a plus d'argent;

∎ to run out of patience être à bout de patience;

∎ to run out of petrol tomber en panne d'essence

➲ run out on inseparable transitive verb

(spouse, colleague) laisser tomber, abandonner;

∎ she ran out on her husband elle a quitté son mari;

∎ his assistants all ran out on him ses assistants l'ont tous abandonné ou laissé tomber

➲ run over

1 separable transitive verb

(pedestrian, animal) écraser;

∎ I nearly got run over j'ai failli me faire écraser;

∎ he's been run over il s'est fait écraser;

∎ the car ran over his legs la voiture lui est passé sur les jambes

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (review) revoir; (rehearse) répéter; (recap) récapituler;

∎ let's run over the arguments one more time before the meeting reprenons les arguments une dernière fois avant la réunion;

∎ could you run over the main points for us? pourriez-vous nous récapituler les principaux points?

(b) (exceed)

∎ to run over the allotted time excéder le temps imparti

3 intransitive verb

(a) (overflow) déborder;

∎ literary my cup runneth over je nage dans le bonheur;

∎ to run over with energy/enthusiasm déborder d'énergie/d'enthousiasme

(b) (run late) dépasser l'heure; Radio & Television dépasser le temps d'antenne, déborder sur le temps d'antenne;

∎ the programme ran over by twenty minutes l'émission a dépassé son temps d'antenne de vingt minutes

➲ run past

1 separable transitive verb

= run by

2 intransitive verb

passer en courant

➲ run through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (cross → of person) traverser en courant;

∎ figurative money runs through his fingers like water l'argent lui brûle les doigts

(b) (pervade → of thought, feeling)

∎ a strange idea ran through my mind une idée étrange m'a traversé l'esprit;

∎ a thrill of excitement ran through her un frisson d'émotion la parcourut;

∎ an angry murmur ran through the crowd des murmures de colère parcoururent la foule;

∎ his words kept running through my head ses paroles ne cessaient de retentir dans ma tête;

∎ an air of melancholy runs through the whole film une atmosphère de mélancolie imprègne tout le film

(c) (review) revoir; (rehearse) répéter; (recap) récapituler;

∎ she ran through the arguments in her mind elle repassa les arguments dans sa tête;

∎ let's just run through the procedure one more time reprenons une dernière fois la marche à suivre;

∎ I'll run through your speech with you je vous ferai répéter votre discours

(d) (read quickly) parcourir (des yeux), jeter un coup d'œil sur

(e) (use up → money) dépenser; (→ case of wine, coffee) consommer; (squander → fortune) gaspiller;

∎ he runs through a dozen shirts a week il lui faut une douzaine de chemises par semaine

2 separable transitive verb

∎ to run sb through (with a sword) transpercer qn (d'un coup d'épée)

➲ run to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (amount to) se chiffrer à;

∎ her essay ran to twenty pages sa dissertation faisait vingt pages

(b) British (afford, be enough for)

∎ your salary should run to a new computer ton salaire devrait te permettre d'acheter un nouvel ordinateur;

∎ the budget won't run to champagne le budget ne nous permet pas d'acheter du champagne

➲ run up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (debt, bill) laisser s'accumuler;

∎ I've run up a huge overdraft j'ai un découvert énorme

(b) (flag) hisser

(c) (sew quickly) coudre rapidement ou à la hâte

2 intransitive verb

(climb rapidly) monter en courant; (approach) approcher en courant;

∎ a young man ran up to me un jeune homme s'approcha de moi en courant

➲ run up against inseparable transitive verb

(encounter) se heurter à;

∎ we've run up against some problems nous nous sommes heurtés à quelques problèmes

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > run
6 gather

1. I
abs

1) the clouds are gathering собираются тучи; a crowd (people, guests, etc.) begin to gather начинает собираться толпа и т. д.; swallows (starlings, etc.) begin to gather начинают слетаться ласточки и т. д. || the storm gathers надвигается гроза; darkness is gathering сгущается тьма; the boil has gathered and burst нарыв созрел и прорвался

2) dust (dirt, mud, pus, snow, etc.) gathers набирается /скапливается, собирается/ пыль и т. д.

3) as far as I can gather насколько я могу судить
2. II
gather in some manner gather quickly (regularly, gradually, slowly, etc.) быстро и т. д. собираться; the family gathered together вся семья собралась вместе; gather at some time gather weekly (annually, often, seldom, etc.) собираться еженедельно /каждую неделю/ и т. д.
3. III
1) gather smb., smth. gather one's relatives ( one's friends, children of all ages, the club, etc.) собирать /созывать/ своих родственников и т. д.

2) gather smth. gather shells (pebbles, stones, sticks, etc.) собирать ракушки и т. д.: gather a collection of coins (of butterflies, of stamps, etc.) собирать коллекцию монет и т. д., коллекционировать монеты и т. д.; gather information (facts about these events, stories about ancient people, material, data, impressions, knowledge, experience, etc.) накапливать /собирать/ информацию и т. д.

3) gather smth. gather one's toys (one's papers and books, one's things, one's tools, etc.) собирать /складывать, подбирать, убирать/ свой игрушки и т. д.

4) gather smth. gather flowers собирать /рвать/ цветы; gather fruit (blackberries, strawberries, honey, etc.) собирать плоды /фрукты/ и т. д.; gather the harvest /the crops/ снимать /собирать/ урожай; gather the grain убирать хлеб; gather a rich (poor) crop of hay накосить много (мало) сена; gather taxes (rents, debts, etc.) собирать налоги и т. д.

5) gather smth. gather rust (dust, mud, etc.) покрываться ржавчиной и т. д.

6) gather smth. gather speed (height, etc.) набирать /увеличивать/ скорость и т. д.; gather strength собраться с силами; gather one's thoughts /one's wits/ собраться с мыслями

7) gather smth. gather a blouse (a skirt, sleeves, a collar, etc.) собирать в сборку /присборить/ блузку и т. д.
4. IV
1) gather smb., smth. in some manner gather one's friends (one's relatives, all one's things, etc.) together собирать вместе своих друзей и т. д.

2) gather smth. in some manner gather facts (information, data, etc.) systematically (methodically, stubbornly, etc.) систематически и т. д. накапливать /набирать/ факты и т. д.; gather experience gradually постепенно приобретать опыт

3) gather smth. in some manner gather one's things (one's toys, sticks, shells, etc.) gaily (noisily, noiselessly, carefully, etc.) весело и т. д. собирать /подбирать/ свои вещи и т. д.
5. XIII
gather to do smth. gather to see what had happened (to celebrate the occasion, to greet the heroes, to hear the news, etc.) собраться, чтобы посмотреть, что случилось и т. д.
6. XVI
1) gather around smb., smth. gather around the fire (around the table, around the platform, etc.) собираться вокруг костра и т. д.; gather around the speaker (around the teacher, around the juggler, etс.) окружить /собраться вокруг/ оратора и т.д.,gather at about (in, on, etc.) smth. gather at the scene of the accident (at /about/ the entrance, at the window, in the street, in the garden, in the fields, in the room, etc.) собираться на месте происшествия и т. д.; clouds gathered in the sky на небе собирались тучи; tears gathered in his eyes его глаза наполнились слезами; dust gathered on the table стол покрылся пылью; all his friends gathered round him все его друзья встали на его защиту; gather in smth. gather in groups (in crowds, in flocks, in herds, in packs, etc.) собираться группами и т. д.; gather about /over/ smb. clouds were gathering over him ему грозили неприятности

2) gather from smth. that is what I gathered from his words (from her report, from these facts, etc.) вот что я заключил /вывел/ из его слов и т. д.; as far as I could gather from the introduction насколько я могу судить по введению...
7. XXI1
1) gather smb. at /in/ some place gather children in the garden ( a crowd in the street, people at the meeting, etc.) собрать детей в саду и т. д.; gather smb. around smb., smth. gather children around the teacher (a small group of curious passers-by around the platform, many staunch friends around him, etc.) собрать детей вокруг учителя и т. д.

2) gather smth. for smth., smb. gather sticks for a fire (stamps for one's collection, facts for one's report, etc.) набирать /собирать/ сучья для костра и т. д.; please gather some flowers for me пожалуйста, нарвите мне цветов; gather smth. from smth. gather facts from various sources (information from the papers, etc.) собирать /набирать/ факты из разных источников и т. д.; gather smth. into smth. gather dry leaves (garbage, hay, etc.) into a heap /into a pile/ сгребать сухие листья и т. д. в кучу /в груду/; gather stones (pebbles, etc.) into a pile собирать камни и т. д. в кучу; gather sticks (wood) into a bundle сделать вязанку прутьев (дров); gather books into bundles упаковать книги в связки; gather grapes into baskets собирать виноград в корзины; gather cotton into bales собирать хлопок в кипы; gather smb.'s poems (smb.'s essays, smb.'s articles and stories, etc.) into one volume собрать чьи л. стихотворения и т. д. в один том

3) gather smth. at /in/ smth. gather a blouse in the sleeves присборить рукава блузки; gather the skirt at the waist присборить юбку в талии

4) gather smth. from smth. I could not gather much from his confused story я мало что понял из его путанного рассказа

5) gather smth. about /around/ smb. gather one's shawl about oneself закутаться в платок; gather one's coat about /around/ oneself плотнее застегнуть пальто
8. XXV
gather that... I gather that you are leaving soon (that he refused to come, etc.) я слышал, что вы скоро уезжаете и т. д.
9. XXVII2
gather from smth. that... gather from certain facts (from the papers, from his remarks, from some hints, from her words, from their letter, etc.) that he is ill (that everything has been decided, etc.) заключать /делать вывод/ по некоторым фактам и т. д., что он болен и т. д.; I gathered from his words (from her letter. from your remarks, etc.) (that)... я сделал вывод /заключил, понял/ из его слов и т. д., [что]...; from what John said I gather that he'll be giving up his job in the summer из того, что Джон сказал, я понял, что он летом уйдет с работы
10. XXVIII2
gather it from smth. that... I gathered it from his words (from his answer, from your remark, etc.) that... я сделал такой вывод /такое заключение/ на основании его слов и т. д., что...

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > gather
7 run

1. I
abs

1) set off running пуститься бежать; run and fetch the doctor сбегай за врачом; when I called he came running когда я позвал его, он тут же прибежал /примчался/; the enemy ran противник бежал; he dropped his gun and ran он бросил ружье и пустился наутек; I must run мне надо бежать /срочно идти/

2) a ball (a sledge, etc.) runs мяч и т.д. катится; a wheel (a spindle, etc.) runs колесо вращается /вертится/

3) water (blood, etc.) runs вода и т.д. течет /льется/; the pus was running сочился гной; the ice cream (the jelly, the coating, etc.) is beginning to run мороженое и т.д. потекло; the candle ran свеча оплыла; the butter ran масло растаяло; this ink does not run эти чернила не расплываются; colours are guaranteed not to run прочность красок гарантируется; I'm afraid the colours ran when I washed that skirt к сожалению, юбка в стирке полиняла; wash this towel separately the dye runs стирай это полотенце отдельно run оно линяет || let water run спустить воду

4) the tap (the barrel, the vessel, the kettle, etc.) runs кран и т.д. течет; who has left the tap running? кто оставил кран открытым /не закрыл кран/?; this pen runs ручка течет /сажает кляксы/; his nose is running у него течет из носу, у него насморк; his eyes are running у него слезятся глаза; we laughed till our eyes ran мы смеялись до слез; an ulcer (a wound, a sore, etc.) that runs язва и т.д., которая гноится

5) trains (buses, boats, ships, etc.) run поезда и т.д. ходят; trams are not running трамваи не ходят

6) a motor (a machine, the works, etc.) runs мотор и т.д. работает; the lift is not running лифт не работает; leave the engine running не выключай мотор; the plant has ceased running завод встал /остановился/; the clock (the watch) runs часы идут /ходят/

7) time runs время летит /мчится/

8) several days running несколько дней подряд; he hit the target seven times running он попал в цель семь раз подряд

9) the agreement (the contract, the lease of the house, etc.) has two more years to run срок соглашения и т.д. действует еще два года

10) my stocking has run у меня на чулке спустилась петля; stockings guaranteed not to run чулки с неспускающимися петлями
2. II
1) run in some manner run run fast (slowly, noiselessly, etc.) бегать быстро и т.д.; the horse runs well лошадь хорошо бежит /идет/, у лошади хороший ход; run somewhere run about бегать повсюду, суетиться, сновать взад и вперед; let the dogs run about пусть собаки побегают /порезвятся/; the children are running about дети играют /резвятся/; chickens run about as soon as they are out of the shell стоит только цыплятам вылупиться, как они начинают бегать; run up /upstairs/ (down/downstairs/) бегать вверх (вниз) [по лестнице]; run upstairs and get the iodine сбегай наверх и принеси йод; run at some time I must run now мне пора бежать /уходить/

2) run in some manner the river runs quietly (smoothly, sluggishly, etc.) река течет спокойно и т.д.; the current is running strong сейчас сильное течение; the tide is running strong вода сильно поднимается (при приливе), blood ran in torrents кровь лилась ручьями; his ideas ran freely его мысли текли свободно; run somewhere the water has run out вся вода вытекла

3) run at some time these pens (such taps, etc.) often run эти ручки и т.д. часто текут

4) run at some time these trains (the steamers, the buses, etc.) run daily /every day/ (every ten minutes, etc.) эти поезда и т.д. ходят ежедневно и т.д.; the traffic runs day and night движение на улице не прекращается ни днем ни ночью; the 9 o'clock train is not running today девятичасовой поезд сегодня отменен /не ходит/

5) run in some manner an engine (a sewing-machine, etc.) runs smoothly (well, badly, efficiently, etc.) мотор и т.д. работает ритмично и т.д.; the саг is running nicely машина идет хорошо; the printing-press doesn't run properly печатный станок плохо работает; the drawer doesn't run easily ящик открывается /выдвигается/ с трудом; how does your new watch runrun? как идут ваши новые часы?

6) run for some time is the film still running? этот фильм еще идет?

7) run somewhere the road (the boundary, the forest, etc.) runs east (north and south, up, etc.) дорога и т.д. идет /тянется/ на восток и т.д.; the river runs south река течет на юг; new streets will run here здесь пройдут /будут проложены/ новые улицы

8) run in some manner months (years, days, etc.) run fast быстро проходит месяц за месяцем; time runs fast время летит быстро; his life runs smoothly (quietly, etc.) жизнь его течет спокойно /гладко/ и т.д.; how time runs! как бежит /летит/ время!

9) run for some time this law (this bill) will run much longer этот закон (этот билль) будет действовать значительно дольше; run at /in/ some place regions (places, offices, etc.) where these rules do not run районы и т.д., где не действуют эти правила /на которые не распространяются эти правила/; this writ doesn't run here здесь это постановление /распоряжение/ не действует / не имеет силы/

10) run in some manner the letter (the note, the clause, the contract, etc.) ran thus... письмо и т.д. гласило следующее...; so the story ran вот что говорилось в рассказе; this is how the tune runs вот как звучит эта мелодия; I don't remember how the first line runs я не помню первую строку

11) run somewhere the ship /the boat/ ran aground корабль сел на мель; the boat ran ashore лодка врезалась в берег

12) run at some time silk stockings often (sometimes) run на шелковых чулках часто (иногда) спускаются петли; run in some manner these stockings run easily на этих чулках очень легко спускаются петли; эти чулки быстро рвутся

13) run in some manner all my arrangements ran smoothly все шло, как было обусловлено; is everything running well in your office? на работе у вас все в порядке?, дела на работе идут нормально?
3. III
1) run smth. run a mile (six miles. etc.) пробежать милю и т.д., участвовать в беге на одну милю и т.д.; run a distance бежать на какую-л. дистанцию; run a race участвовать в забеге /в скачках/; the children ran races дети бегали наперегонки

2) run smth. run errands /messages/ быть посыльным; быть на посылках; I want you to run an errand я хочу послать тебя с поручением

3) run smb., smth. run a fox (a hare, a stag, etc.) гнать /преследовать лису/ и т.д.; run a false scent идти по ложному следу; run cattle (horses, etc.) гнать скот и т.д.; run logs сплавлять /гнать/ лес /бревна/

4) run smth. run extra (special) trains пускать дополнительные (специальные) поезда

5) run smth. run cargoes (a cargo of coffee, etc.) перевозить /транспортировать/ грузы и т.д.; run arms (drugs, liquor, narcotics. etc.) нелегально /контрабандой/ ввозить в страну оружие и т.д.

6) run smth., smb. run a blockade прорвать /прорваться через/ блокаду; run the rapids пройти /преодолеть/ пороги; run the guard проскользнуть /пройти незамеченным/ мимо охраны

7) run smth. run a саг (a bus, a taxi, etc.) водить машину и т.д.; he runs a blue Volga он ездит на голубой "Волге"; run the engine запускать мотор /двигатель/; run a tractor (a sewing-machine, a ferry, etc.) работать на тракторе и т.д.; can you run a washing-machine? вы умеете обращаться со стиральной машиной?; run a bath наполнить ванну

8) run some time the play ran one hundred nights пьеса выдержала сто представлений

9) run smth. this cinema runs a series of Italian films в этом кинотеатре идет показ итальянских фильмов

10) run some distance the river (the road, etc.) run 200 miles река (дорога и т.д.) тянется на 200 миль

11) || run its course идти своим чередом; the illness must run its course болезнь должна идти своим ходом; the war was running its course война все продолжалась

12) run smth. run a business (a bus company, a factory, etc.) управлять предприятием и т.д.; run a theatre (a newspaper, a youth club, etc.) руководить театром и т.д.; run a shop (a hotel, etc.) заведовать магазином и т.д.; run a competition (a match, a race, etc.) проводить соревнования и т.д.; run the external affairs of a country направлять внешнюю политику государства, руководить внешней политикой страны; run a new system of payment осуществлять /внедрять/ новую систему оплаты; run smb.'s house вести чье-л. хозяйство; she runs the household она ведет хозяйство; весь дом на ней; run the show cool. заправлять чем-л.; who is running the show? кто здесь главный?; run one's life (one's fortune) самому строить свою жизнь (свое счастье); run experiments ставить /проводить/ опыты; run a blood test сделать анализ крови

13) run smb. run a candidate выставлять чью-л. кандидатуру, выдвигать кого-л. кандидатом

14) semiaux run smth. run debts залезать в /делать/ долги; run a temperature температурить

15) id run smth. run a risk (the risk of discovery, the risk of losing one's job, a danger, the danger of being fired, the chance of being suspect of theft, etc.) подвергаться риску и т.д.; run chances положиться на счастье
4. IV
1) run smth. т some time this bus (a car, ale.) runs 40 miles (an hour, etc.) автобус и т.д. делает сорок миль в час и т.д.; we ran 20 knots a day мы делали двадцать узлов в день

2) run smb. in some manner run smb. (too) fast гнать кого-л. (очень) быстро; run smb. somewhere run a horse up and down прохаживать лошадь [взад и вперед]; run the gun out выкапывать орудие; run the car downhill (uphill) ехать на машине с горы (в гору)

3) run smth. at some time run a bus every three minutes отправлять автобус каждые три минуты; run cars day and night держать машины на линии круглые сутки, обеспечивать работу у машин круглосуточно

4) run smb. somewhere run smb. home отвозить кого-л. домой; run smb. out выгнать кого-л.

5) run smth. for (in) some time run the machine (the press, etc.) 24 hours a day работать на машине и т.д. двадцать четыре часа в сутки /круглосуточно/; run 500 barrels of oil daily (1000 bottles of milk a day, etc.) выпускать 500 бочек масла и т.д. в день

6) run smth. at some time run a film often (twice a week, six times, etc.) демонстрировать /показывать/ фильм часто и т.д.; I'll run the first part of the film through again я прокручу еще раз первую часть фильма

7) run smth. at some time interviews (oral examinations, the programme, etc.) ran twenty minutes behind интервью и т.д. началось на двадцать минут позже; the rehearsal (the meeting, etc.) can ten minutes earlier репетиция и т.д. началась на десять минут раньше

8) run smth. somewhere run a ship aground посадить корабль на мель; run a boat (a ship) ashore направить лодку корабль) к берегу
5. V
1) run smb. some distance run a fox (a hare, etc.) five miles (a long distance, the length of the field, etc.) преследовать /гнать/ лису и т.д. пять миль и т.д.

2) run smb. some sum of money the dress (this picture, this boat, the new house, this car, etc.) will run you a considerable sum of money это платье и т.д. будет вам дорого стоить
6. VI
semiaux run smb. to some state run smb. breathless гонять кого-л. до изнеможения || run smb. close (hard) не уступать кому-л., быть чьим-л. опасным противником /соперником/; run smth. close быть почти равным чему-л.; run it fine иметь (времени, денег) в обрез
7. XI
1) be run after she is much run after a) с ней многие ищут знакомства; б) за ней многие ухаживают; I hate to feel that I am being run after терпеть не могу, когда за мной бегают

2) || be run off one's feet coll. сбиться с ног; I was run off my feet that day я набегался за день

3) be run into smth. molten metal is run into moulds расплавленный металл разливают в формы

4) be run at some time sleepingcars (express trains, these boats, etc.) are run twice a week (on week days, etc.) поезда со спальными вагонами и т.д. ходят два раза в неделю и т.д.; be run somewhere these trains are run between X and Y эти поезда курсируют между X и Y

5) be run on smth. trains (buses, etc.) are run on electricity (on coal, on steam, etc.) поезда и т.д. работают на электричестве и т.д.; be run at smth. be run at some cost обходиться в определенную сумму (об эксплуатации машины и т.п.); this car can be run at a small cost расходы на эксплуатацию этой машины очень невелика

6) be run on smth. this book is to be run on good paper эта книга будет издана на хорошей бумаге

7) be run through he was run through and through ему было нанесено множество колотых ран; be run through by smth. he was run through by a bayonet его пронзили штыком, его закололи штыком

8) be run at some time the race (the match, the competition, etc.) will be run tomorrow (next week, etc.) скачки и т.д. состоятся /будут проводиться/ завтра и т.д.; the cup will be run for today сегодня состоятся соревнования на кубок /состоится розыгрыш кубка/; be run in some condition the Derby was run in a snowstorm (in rain, etc.) дерби проводилось во время сильного снегопада /вьюги/ и т.д.; be run as (on) smth. this business (it, this scheme, etc.) is run /is being run/ as a commercial enterprise /on a commercial basis/ это дело и т.д. ведется на коммерческой основе; be run by smb. he is (hard) run by his wife (by his secretary, etc.) он под башмаком у своей жены и т.д.; the school is run by a committee школа управляется советом
8. XIII
run to do smth. run to catch the train (to meet us, to see what is going on, etc.) бежать /торопиться/, чтобы успеть на писал и т.д.; she ran to help us она бросилась нам на помощь
9. XV
1) run in some state run free /loose/ бегать на свободе; let the dog run loose дай собаке побегать на воле

2) run in some order run second (third, etc.) a) бежать вторым и т.д.; б) идти /прийти/ вторым и т.д.; my horse ran last моя лошадь пришла последней /заняла последнее место/

3) abs run parallel идти /бежать/ параллельно /бок о бок/ || run foul of smth. налететь на что-л.; run foul of a hidden reef налететь на скрытый риф; run foul of the law нарушить закон; run foul of smb. вызвать чье-л. недовольство; the ships ran foul of each other корабли столкнулись [в море]

4) semiaux run to some state run low /short/ a) понижаться, опускаться; б) иссякать; our provisions /our supplies, our stock, our stores /are running low /short/ наши запасы кончаются /на исходе/; I am running short of time у меня остается мало времени; run dry высыхать, пересыхать; the well ran dry колодец высох; the river ran dry река пересохла; my imagination ran dry моя фантазия иссякла, мое воображение истощилось; run cold похолодеть; my blood ran cold у меня кровь застыла в жилах; run hot нагреваться; wait till the water runs hot at the tap подожди, пока из крана пойдет горячая вода; run clear быть чистым; rivers run clear вода в реках частая; run high a) подниматься; б) возрастать; the sea runs high море волнуется; the waves run high волны вздымаются; the tide runs high /strong/ прилив нарастает, вода прибывает; feelings /passions/ run high страсти бушуют; the debates ran high споры разгорелись; the prices run high цены растут; run strong набирать силу; run mad сходить с ума; run wild не знать удержу; she lets her children run wild она оставляет детей без присмотра; the garden ran wild сад запущен; we are letting the flowers run wild за цветами у нас никто не ухаживает; his imagination ran wild у него разыгралось воображение; run a certain size apples (pears, potatoes, etc.) run big (small, etc.) this year яблоки и т.д. в этом году крупные и т.д.
10. XVI
1) run about (across, around, up, down, in, etc.) smth. run about the streets (about the fields, about the garden, in the pastures, in the yard, etc.) бегать по улицам и т.д.; run across the road (across the street, across the square, etc.) перебегать дорогу и т.д.; run down the road (down the street, down the hill, down the path, down the mountain, down the lane, etc.) бежать вниз по дороге и т.д.; run along the wall (along the bank of the river, etc.) бежать вдоль стены и т.д.; run up the path (up the mountain, etc.) бежать вверх по тропинке и т.д.; run out of the house (out of the room, etc.) выбежать из дома и т.д.; run into a room вбежать в комнату; run through the garden (through the yard, through the village, etc.) пробегать через сад и т.д.; every morning he ran around the garden to keep in condition каждое утро он бегал по саду, чтобы быть в форме; run to /towards/ smth., smb. run towards the door (to the coming visitors, to her son, etc.) подбежать /броситься/ к двери и т.д.; run before (behind, past, by, etc.) smb. run before the crowd (behind the marchers, by her past the waiting people, etc.) бежать впереди толпы и т.д.; he ran past her without saying "hello" он пробежал мимо и даже не поздоровался; run before the wind идти по ветру

2) run after smb., smth. run after the burglar (after the thief, after a rabbit, etc.) гнаться за грабителем и т.д.; don't bother running after the bus, you'll never catch it какой толк бежать за автобусом, все равно его не догонишь; run after him, he's left his wallet behind догони его, он забыл свой бумажник; who's running after you? кто за вами гонится?; I can't keep running after you all day! coll. я не могу бегать за тобой весь день!; run from smth., smb. run from the village (from the enemy, from danger, etc.) бежать из деревни и т.д.; run to (for) smth., smb. run to smb.'s help поспешить кому-л. на помощь; run to the post-office сбегать на почту; run for the doctor (for the police, etc.) сбегать за врачом и т.д.; run for a prize бежать на приз; run to smb. for help бежать к кому-л. за помощью; run to his mother (to his parents, etc.) with every little problem бегать к матери и т.д. с каждой мелочью; run in smth. run in a race участвовать в забеге /в соревнованиях по бегу/ || run for one's life colt. бежать во весь дух; run for it coll, бежать что есть мочи

3) run after smb. coll. she runs after every good-looking man in the village она бегает за каждым красивым парнем в деревне; you shouldn't run after him не надо вешаться ему на шею, run after the great увлекаться великими людьми: run after smth. coll. he runs after the country club set он стремится попасть в круг членов загородного клуба; run after new theories увлекаться новыми веяниями

4) run along (over, past, on, etc.) smth. run along the highway (along the streets, over the hill, over slippery roads, through the city, etc.) двигаться /мчаться, нестись/ по шоссе и т.д.; cars run along these roads по этим дорогам движутся автомобили; sledges run well over frozen snow сани хорошо скользят по мерзлому снегу, the train ran past the signal поезд проскочил светофор; the ball ran past the hole шарик прокатился мимо лунки; the ball ran over the curb and into the street мяч перекатился через обочину и попал /выкатился/ на дорогу; run on snow (on macadam roads, etc.) передвигаться /катиться, скользить/ по снегу и т.д.; trains run on rails поезда ходят по рельсам; the table runs on wheels стол передвигается на колесиках; file drawers run on ball bearings каталожные ящики двигаются /выдвигаются, ходят/ на подшипниках; the fire ran along the ground огонь побежал по земле the fire ran through the-building огонь охватил все здание; run at some speed run at a very high speed (at full speed, at 60 miles an hour, etc.) двигаться с очень большой скоростью и т.д. the train ran at an illegal speed поезд шел с превышением предела скорости

5) run at smb. run at the enemy (на)броситься на врага

6) run down ( along, into, to, from, at, etc.) smth. run down the wind screen (down the rain-pipe, down the slope, down smb.'s face, down her cheeks,.etc.) катится /стекать/ по ветровому стеклу и т.д.; the rapids run over the rocks на камнях вода образовывает пороги; run over the table (over the floor, etc.) растекаться или рассыпаться по столу и т.д.; wax ran down the burning candle воск оплывал и стекал по горящей свече; the river runs into the ocean (into the sea, etc.) река впадает в океан и т.д.; water is running into the bath в ванну наливается вода; water runs from a tap (from a cistern from a cask, etc.) из крана и т.д. бежит /льётся вода; sweat was running from his forehead (from his face) у него по лбу (по лицу) струился пот; blood ran from a wound (from a cut, etc.) из раны и т.д. потекла кровь; tears ran from her eyes у нее из глаз катились слезы; he is running at the nose (at the mouth) у него течет из носу (изо рта); I felt tile blood running to my head я чувствовал, как кровь бросилась мне в голову; good blood runs in his veins в его жилах течет хорошая кровь; the colours (the dyes) run in the washing при стирке краски линяют; run with smth. run with sweat взмокнуть от пота, обливаться потом; his eyes ran with tears у него глаза наполнились слезами; the floor (the streets, etc.) ran with water (with blood, with wine, etc.) пол и т.д. был залит водой и т.д.; run off smb. water ran off him с него стекала вода id run off smb. as /like/ water off a duck's back = как с гуся вода; her words (scoldings, admonitions, etc.) ran off him like water off a duck's back на все ее слова и т.д. он не обращал ни малейшего внимания

7) run to (between) smth. a morning train runs to Paris (to the south, to this city, etc.) в Париж и т.д. ходит утренний поезд; trains (boats, buses, etc.) run between the capitals of these countries (between these towns, between London and the coast. etc.) между столицами этих стран и т.д. ходят /курсируют/ поезда и т.д.

8) run on (off) smth. cars run on gasoline автомобили работают на бензине; the apparatus runs off the mains аппаратура работает от сети

9) run for some time the play ran for 200 nights (for a year) пьеса выдержала двести спектаклей (шла целый год); the picture runs for 3 hours фильм идет три часа; the interval sometimes runs to as much as half an hour антракт иногда длится полчаса; run at some place the play (the film) is now running at the Lyceum пьеса сейчас идет в театре "Лицеум"

10) run across ( along, through, over, up, etc.) smth. the road (the path, etc.) runs across the plain (along the river, along the shore, through the wood, over a hill, up the mountain, close to the village, right by my house, at right angles to the highway, etc.) дорога и т.д. проходит по равнине и т.д.; a corridor runs through the house по всей длине дома тянется коридор; shelves run round the walls (round the room) по всем стенам (по всей комнате) идут полки; a fence runs round the house дом обнесен забором: ivy runs all over the wall (up the side of the house, upon other plants, etc.) плющ вьется по всей стене и т.д.; vine.runs over the porch крыльцо увито виноградом; a scar runs across his left cheek через всю его левую щеку проходит шрам; run from smth. to smth. the chain of mountains runs from north to south горная цепь тянется с севера на юг; shelves run from floor to ceiling полки идут от пола до потолка; this road runs from the village to the station эта дорога идет от деревни к станции; run for some distance the river ( the unpaved section, the path, etc.) runs for 200 miles (for eight miles, etc.) река и т.д. тянется на двести миль и т.д.

11) run in smth. what sizes do these dresses run in? каких размеров бывают в продаже эти платья?; run in certain numbers иметь определенные номера; on this side house numbers run in odd numbers по этой стороне [улицы] идут нечетные номера домов

12) run over smth. his fingers ran over the strings (over the piano, over the keys, etc.) он пробежал пальцами по струнам и т.д.; run over one's pockets ощупать свой карманы; run over the seams of the boat осмотреть /ощупать/ швы лодки

13) run down ( over, through, etc.) smth. a cheer ran down the line (down the ranks of spectators) возгласы одобрения /крики ура/ прокатились по строю (по рядам зрителей); a murmur (a whisper) ran through the crowd по толпе пробежал /прокатился/ ропот (шепот); the news ran all over the town новость облетела весь город; rumours ran through the village (through the town, etc.) no деревне и т.д. прошли /разнеслись/ слухи; a thought (an idea, etc.) ran in /through/ his head /his mind/ у него в голове пронеслась /промелькнула/ мысль и т.д.; this idea run-s through the whole book эта идея проходит через /пронизывает/ всю книгу; the song (the old tune, his words, a snatch of their conversation, etc.) kept running in my mind /through my head/ эта песенка и т.д. неотвязно звучала у меня в ушах; his influence runs through every department его влияние чувствуется /ощущается/ во всех отделах; run up /down/ smth. a cold shiver ran up /down/ his spine холодная дрожь пробежала у него по спине; a sharp pain ran up /down/ his arm (his spine, his leg, etc.) он почувствовал острую боль в руке и т.д.

14) run into smth. days ran into weeks дни складывались в недели; one year ran into the next шел год за годом

15) run (up)on smth. the talk (the whole argument, etc.) ran on this point (on this subject, upon the past, on this problem, on the matter, on the same event, on the recent occurrence, etc.) разговор и т.д. вертелся вокруг этого вопроса и т.д.; the conversation ran on politics разговор шел о политике; the boy's thoughts /mind/ kept running on the same theme (on food, on the event, etc.) мальчик все время думал об одном и том же и т.д. || run along familiar lines касаться привычных тем, думать или говорить традиционно

16) run for some time the law (the contract, the lease, etc.) runs for 3 years этот закон и т.д. имеет /сохраняет/ силу в течение трех лет; your interest runs from January 1st to December 31 вам начисляются проценты с первого января по тридцать первое декабря

17) run out of smth. we have run out of sugar (out of provisions, out of food, out of petrol, out of tobacco, out of bread, etc.) у нас кончился сахар и т.д.

18) run over (through, down) smth. run over one's notes (over these proofs, over the story, through one's mail, through the main points of the subject, down the list of names, etc.) просмотреть /пробежать глазами/ свои заметки и т.д.; her eyes ran over the room она окинула комнату беглым взглядом; his eyes ran down the front row and stopped suddenly он глазами пробежал по первому ряду, и вдруг его взгляд на ком-то задержался; don't run through your work so fast не делайте свою работу в спешке

19) run over/through/ smth. just run over /through/ my lines with me before the rehearsal begins повторите со мной роль до начала репетиции; we'll run over that song again мы еще раз пропоем эту песенку; she ran over his good points она перечислила его достоинства; run through the scene оживить в своей памяти эту сцену

20) run in (on, etc.) smth. the account (the story, the article, etc.) ran in all the papers сообщение и т.д. было напечатано /опубликовано/ во всех газетах; this item ran under a sensational heading эта информация была напечатана под сенсационным заголовком; political cartoons run on the editorial page политические карикатуры печатаются /помещаются/ на той же полосе, где и передовая статья || run in certain words быть сформулированным определённым образом; the order ran in these words приказ был сформулирован именно следующими словами

21) run into /through /smth. the book (his novel, etc.) ran into /through/ 5 editions (10 impressions, thousands of copies, etc.) эта книга выдержала пять изданий и т.д.

22) run through smth. run through a fortune (through the money he won, through his winnings, etc.) растратить /растранжирить/ наследство и т.д.; he ran through his father's money very quickly он очень быстро промотал отцовские деньги; money runs through his fingers [like water through a sieve], he runs through money quickly деньги у него не задерживаются; we run through a lot of sugar in a week мы расходуем много сахара за неделю

23) run in (to) some amount his income (her bank account, their inheritance, etc.) runs to ten or twelve thousand pounds его доходы и т.д. исчисляются в десять-двенадцать тысяч фунтов; our hotel bill ran to t 500 наш счет за гостиницу достиг суммы в пятьсот фунтов /равняется пятистам фунтам/; the losses run into five figures убытки выражаются в пятизначных числах; a boat like that runs into a lot of money (to a pretty penny) такая лодка стоит больших денег (станет в копеечку); prices run from 50 pence to a pound цены колеблются от пятидесяти пенсов до одного фунта; my money won't run to a car на машину у меня не хватит денег; we can't run to a holiday abroad this year в этом году мы себе не можем позволить провести отпуск за границей; the story (the manuscript, etc.) runs to 16 pages (to three volumes, etc.) рассказ и т.д. занимает шестнадцать страниц и т.д.; her letter ran to a great length она написала очень длинное письмо

24) run against (into, on, at, etc.) smth. run against /into/ a tree (into a wall, into a bank of soft mud, at the railing, etc.) налететь на дерево и т.д., врезаться в дерево и т.д.; run against a rock (on a mine, etc.) наскочить на скалу и т.д.; run into a patch of thick mist (into a gale, into a storm, etc.) попасть в густой туман и т.д.

25) run into (across, etc.) smb. run into each other (into an old classmate, into an old friend, etc.) случайно встретить друг друга и т.д.; run across smb. in the street столкнуться с кем-л. на улице; when did you last run across him? когда вы с ним последний раз виделись?; you never know whom you'll run into at a party никогда не знаешь, кого встретишь на вечеринке

26) run into (across) smth. run into danger (into trouble, into mischief, etc.) попасть в опасное положение и т.д.; run into difficulties очутиться в затруднительном положении; run into debts залезть в долга; run across one of his earliest recordings (across the first edition of this book in a second-hand bookshop, etc.) натолкнуться на /случайно найти/ одну из его ранних записей и т.д.; he ran across her name in the phone book он случайно встретил /увидел/ ее имя в телефонной книге; run against smth. this runs against my interests это идет вразрез с моими интересами

27) run for smth. run for parliament (for office, for the presidency, for governor, etc.) баллотироваться в члены парламента и т.д.; run in smth. run in an election баллотироваться на выборах; how many candidates is the Liberal Party running in the General Election? сколько кандидатов выставляет либеральная партия на выборах?; run against smb. whom will the Republicans run against the Democratic candidate? кого выставят республиканцы против кандидата от демократической партии?

28) aux run in smth. musical talent (courage, broadmindedness, red hair, etc) runs in the family (in the blood) музыкальность и т.д. - их семейная черта (у них в крови); run to smth. run to sentiment /to sentimentality/ (to fat, etc.) быть склонным /расположенным/ к сентиментальности и т.д.; they run to big noses (to red hair, to being overweight, etc.) in that family в их семье у всех большие носы и т.д.; the novel runs to long descriptions в романе слишком много затянутых описаний
11. XIX1
1) run like smb., smth. run like a deer /like a hare, like the devil, like hell, like blazes, like anything/ бежать во весь опор /что есть мочи/

2) run like smth. news (rumours) run like wildfire (like lightning) новости (слухи) распространяются как лесной пожар (с быстротой молнии)
12. XX3
1) run in some manner run as hard as one can бежать во весь опор

2) || run as follows гласить следующее; the conversation ran as follows... разговор был такой...
13. XXI1
1) run smth. in (over) smth. run two miles in six minutes проехать две мили за шесть минут; run a race over a mile бежать на дистанцию в одну милю;

2) run smb. across (out of, etc.) smth. run a horse across a field погонять лошадь по полю; run oneself out of breath бежать так, что начинаешь задыхаться

3) run smb., smth. (in)to (off, out of, etc.) smth. run a fox to cover /to earth/ загнать лису в нору; they ran him off his property его согнали с собственной земля; run smb. out of the country выдворить кого-л. из страны; run a саг into a garage (a ship into harbour, a cart into the yard, etc.) завезти машину в гараж и т.д.

4) run smth. in (to) smth. run some water into glasses (milk into casks, lead into moulds, etc.) наливать воду в стаканы и т.д.; run bullets into a mould отливать пули; run oil in a still рафинировать масло; run smth. for smb., smth. run a hot tub for smb. сделать для кого-л. горячую ванну; run the water for a tub наполнять ванну водой

5) run smth. to smth. run ships (trains, etc.) to London водить корабли и т.д. в Лондон; run smth. between smth. run trains (buses, etc.) between these towns пускать поезда и т.д. между этими городами; run a ferry between these villages соединить эти деревни паромом; run smth. from smth. to smth. run trains ( line of mail-boats, etc.) from the capital to other cities пускать поезда и т.д. из столицы в другие города; run smth. during smth. run extra trains during rush hours пускать дополнительные поезда в часы пик

6) run smth., smb. across (into, to, etc.) smth. run guns (narcotics, drugs, etc.) across the border (into the country) провозить /переправлять/ оружие и т.д. [контрабандой] через границу (в какую-л. страну); run smb. up to town отвозить кого-л. в город

7) run smth. at smth. run a factory at a loss иметь от фабрики один убытки; run a саг at small cost тратить на содержание машины немного денег; run smth. off smth. she runs her electric sewing-machine off the mains ее электрическая швейная машина работает от сети; run smth., smb. in smth. run a car (a bicycle, etc.) in a race участвовать в автогонках и т.д.; he runs horses in races a) он жокей; б) он держит конюшню /скаковых лошадей/

8) run smth. across (around, from... to, etc.) smth. run a partition across a room разгородить комнату перегородкой; run a rope across the street натянуть канат через улицу; run a fence around the lot обнести участок забором; run a telephone cable from one place to another проложить /провести/ телефонный кабель от одного пункта в другой, соединять два пункта телефонным кабелем

9) run smth. against (over, through, etc.) smth. run one's fingers (one's hand) against a door (over a surface, over the seams of the boat, etc.) провести пальцами (рукой) по двери и т.д.; ощупать дверь и т.д.; run a comb through one's hair расчесать волосы гребнем; run one's hand over one's hair пригладить волосы ладонью; run one's fingers over the strings of a harp (over the keys of a piano, etc.) пробежать пальцами по струнам арфы и т.д.; run one's eyes over a page (over a letter, etc.) пробежать глазами страницу и т.д.; run one's finger down the list просмотреть список, водя по строчкам пальцем; run one's pencil through these names (through a word, etc.) зачеркнуть эти фамилии и т.д. карандашом; run a line on a map (over a surface, etc.) провести /прочертить/ линию на карте и т.д.

10) run smth. behind smth. run a few minutes behind schedule (behind time) не укладываться в расписание (во времени); if we run ten minutes behind schedule the whole evening's viewing will be thrown out of gear если расписание сдвинется больше, чем на десять минут, то программа всего вечера будет нарушена; the programmes are running 10 minutes behind schedule наши программы сегодня запаздывают на десять минут

11) run smb., smth. through smth. run the actors through their parts заставить актеров повторить свои роли или партии; I'd like to run you through that scene я бы хотел, чтобы вы еще раз провели эту сцену

12) run smth. to smth. run tile rumour to its source выяснить источник слухов; run a quotation to earth выяснить, откуда взята цитата

13) run smth. on smth. run the story (this account, the article, this cartoon, etc.) on page one напечатать рассказ и т.д. на первой странице

14) run smth., smb. into (on) smth., smb. run a саг into a tree (into a wall, into a post, etc.) врезаться машиной в дерево и т.д.; run a ship on a rock разбить корабль о скалу; run the troops into an ambush загнать или заманить войска в засаду; he ran me into a сор из-за него я налетел на полицейского; run smb. into a corner загнать кого-л. в угол; run smth. against smth. run one's head against a wall стукнуться /удариться/ головой о стену; run one's nose against a post (against a wall, etc.) разбить нос о столб и т.д.

15) run smth. into (through) smth., smb. run a nail into a board забить /загнать/ гвоздь в доску; run a splinter into one's toe (into one's foot, into one's finger, etc.) занозить палец и т.д.; run a thorn (a needle) into one's finger загнать шип (иголку) в палец; run a knife into a loaf разрезать буханку хлеба ножом; run a thread through an eyelet (a rope through a loop) продеть нитку в иголку (веревку в петлю); run a sword through one's enemy пронзить /проколоть/ своего противника шпагой; run smb. through with smth. run a man through with a sword проткнуть кого-л. шпагой

16) || run a stocking on smth. рвать чулок обо что-л.; run a stocking on a nail разодрать чулок о гвоздь

17) run smth. for smb. who runs his house for him? кто ведет у него хозяйство?

18) run smb. (in)to smth. run smb. into expense ввести кого-л. в расход; run smb. into debts заставить кого-л. влезть в долги; run oneself to death до смерти забегаться || this ran me clean off my legs я из-за этого столько бегал, что теперь ног под собой не чую

19) aux run smth. on (at) smth. I can't afford to run a car on my salary на свою зарплату я не могу содержать машину; run 60 head of cattle on this ranch держать на ранчо шестьдесят голов скота; run an account at the grocery иметь счет у бакалейщика
14. XXV
1) run if... (when..., etc.) you'll have to run if you want to catch the train тебе придется бежать, если ты хочешь успеть на поезд; he used to run when he was at college когда он был студентом, он занимался бегом

2) run when the colour of the dress ran when it was washed платье полиняло в стирке

3) run that... the story (the rumour) runs that... по рассказам (по слухам)...

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > run
8 scatter

I ['skætə(r)]
nome

1) (of houses, stars, papers) sparpagliamento m.

2) statist. dispersione f.
II 1. ['skætə(r)]
verbo transitivo

1) (anche scatter around, scatter about) (throw around) spargere, disseminare [seeds, earth]; sparpagliare, disseminare [books, papers, clothes]; disperdere [ debris]

to be scattered around o about essere sparpagliato qua e là; to be scattered with sth. — essere disseminato di qcs

2) (cause to disperse) disperdere, mettere in fuga [crowd, birds, crowd]
2.
verbo intransitivo [people, animals, birds] disperdersi, sparpagliarsi

* * *
['skætə]
verb

1) (to (make) go or rush in different directions: The sudden noise scattered the birds; The crowds scattered when the bomb exploded.) disperdere, disperdersi

2) (to throw loosely in different directions: The load from the overturned lorry was scattered over the road.) sparpagliare, disseminare

•

- scattered
- scattering
- scatterbrain
- scatterbrained
* * *
scatter /ˈskætə(r)/
n.

1 spargimento; sparpagliamento

2 dispersione: (stat., demogr.) scatter of the population, dispersione della popolazione

3 (fam.) piccola quantità; numero ridotto; manciata; pugno: a scatter of phone calls in the morning, telefonate sparse nella mattinata

● ( radio, TV) scatter band, banda di dispersione □ (stat.) scatter chart, nube di punti □ scatter cushion, cuscino decorativo □ (stat.) scatter diagram, diagramma a dispersione (o a nube di punti) □ ( USA) scatter gun, fucile a pallettoni □ scatter rug, plaid decorativo □ scatter plot = scatter diagram ► sopra.
(to) scatter /ˈskætə(r)/
A v. t.

1 cospargere; spargere; sparpagliare; gettare; diffondere; disseminare: to scatter salt on a road in winter, spargere sale su una strada d'inverno; to scatter seed, gettare il seme; to scatter the fields with seed, cospargere i campi di semente; to scatter light, diffondere la luce

2 disperdere; sbaragliare; mettere in fuga: The mounted police scattered the demonstrators, la polizia a cavallo disperse i dimostranti; The shouts scattered the birds, le grida hanno messo in fuga gli uccelli

B v. i.

1 disperdersi; sparpagliarsi: The threatening clouds are scattering, le nubi minacciose si disperdono

2 disperdersi; dividersi: The escaped prisoners scattered at the crossroads, all'incrocio gli evasi si sono divisi

● to scatter money about, spendere e spandere □ to scatter to the four winds, gettare (o volare) da tutte le parti.

* * *
I ['skætə(r)]
nome

1) (of houses, stars, papers) sparpagliamento m.

2) statist. dispersione f.
II 1. ['skætə(r)]
verbo transitivo

1) (anche scatter around, scatter about) (throw around) spargere, disseminare [seeds, earth]; sparpagliare, disseminare [books, papers, clothes]; disperdere [ debris]

to be scattered around o about essere sparpagliato qua e là; to be scattered with sth. — essere disseminato di qcs

2) (cause to disperse) disperdere, mettere in fuga [crowd, birds, crowd]
2.
verbo intransitivo [people, animals, birds] disperdersi, sparpagliarsi

English-Italian dictionary > scatter
9 cover

1. III
1) cover smb., smth. - a sleeping child (a feverish patient, one's knees, smb.'s shoulders, etc.) укрывать / накрывать, укутывать / спящего ребенка и т. д.; cover a saucepan накрывать кастрюлю крышкой; cover one's head покрывать / повязывать / голову; надевать шляпу / шапку / ; cover oneself укрываться, накрываться, укутываться; snow covered the fields (the hills, the roads, etc.) снег покрыл поля и т. д.; clouds covered the sun тучи закрыли солнце; dust covered his shoes его ботинки были покрыты пылью; the troops (the Roman legions, etc.) covered the country войска и т. д. наводнили страну

2) cover smth. cover one's face (one's head, etc.) закрывать / прятать / лицо и т. д.; cover one's confusion (one's annoyance, one's nervousness, one's mistake, etc.) скрывать свое смущение и т. д., не показывать своего смущения и т. д.; cover one's tracks заметать свои следы; he only said that to cover himself он сказал это для перестраховки

3) cover smth. cover the distance (five miles, thirty kilometres, etc.) покрыть / пройти, проехать / расстояние и т. д.

4) cover smth. cover the whole subject исчерпать тему; cover a wide field (a wide area) охватывать / затрагивать / широкую область (широкий круг вопросов); the law covers all such matters закон предусматривает все подобные случаи; the law does not cover this case на этот случай закон не распространяется

5) cover smth. cover the talks освещать переговоры; cover the trial вести репортаж из зала суда; cover the fire поместить в газете репортаж о пожаре

6) cover smth. cover the expense (all one's expenses, the advance made to smb., the deficit, etc.) покрывать / оплачивать / расходы и т. д; this will cover your carfare to school этого тебе хватит на дорогу в школу; the price covers the cost and delivery цена включает стоимость и доставку

7) cover smth., smb. cover the passage (the man, every approach to the positions held by our infantry, etc.) держать под прицелом или под наблюдением проход и т. д.; cover the retreat (the march of the army, the advance of the main army, the landing of the invading troops, etc.) прикрывать / обеспечивать / отступление / отход / и т. д.
2. IV
1) cover smth. in some manner cover smth. partly (all over, etc.) покрывать что-л. не полностью / частично / и т. д.; the snow completely covered the mountain снег покрыл / окутал / всю гору

2) cover smth. in some manner cover one's face instinctively инстинктивно закрыть лицо [руками]; cover one's head protectively защитить голову, закрыв ее руками

3) cover smth. in some manner cover three miles quickly (slowly, etc.) быстро и т. д. пройти три мили; cover smth. in some time cover thirty miles that day (every day, etc.) пройти тридцать миль за этот день и т. д.

4) cover smth. in some man ner cover the subject completely (the question exhaustively, etc.) исчерпать тему полностью и т. д., he covered the ground thoroughly он тщательно изучил проблему
3. XI
1) be covered that hole should be filled, not covered яму надо засыпать, а не просто накрыть / прикрыть / ; be covered with / by / smth. be covered with mud (with fur, with hair, with grass, etc.) быть покрытым грязью и т. д.; the streets are covered with snow улицы занесены снегом; her face is covered with freckles у нее все лицо в веснушках / усеяно веснушками / ; her face is covered with pimples у нее все лицо в прыщах / покрыто прыщами /. the table was covered with books стол был завален книгами; the bush was covered with blossom куст был усыпан цветами, куст был в цвету; the meal was covered with flies мухи облепили мясо; the wall is covered with ivy стена увита плющом; the rocks (the mountainsides, etc.) are covered with pine-trees скалы и т. д. поросли соснами; the top of the mountain was covered by clouds вершина горы была скрыта за облаками; the floor was completely covered by a large rug большой ковер покрывал весь пол; have smth. covered with / in / smth. have the seats of these chairs (the sofa, the walls, the sides of the box, etc.) covered with leather (in gold brocade etc.) обивать стулья и т. д. кожей и т. д.; have the walls covered with good wallpaper оклейте стены хорошими обоями

2) be covered by smth. I am covered by a contract гарантией мне служит контракт. be covered in some manner the loan was covered many times over долг был оплачен с лихвой; be covered by smth. against smth. be covered by insurance against fire (against burglary, against accidents.. etc.) быть застрахованным от пожара и т. д.

3) be covered don't move! you are covered! ни с места / не двигайтесь / - буду стрелять!; be covered in some manner the road was well covered дорога хорошо простреливалась
4. XVIII
cover oneself behind smth. cover oneself behind a tree (behind a house, etc.) укрыться / спрятаться / за дерево и т. д.
5. XXI1
1) cover smb., smth. with smth. cover the child with a blanket (smb.'s knees with a rug, young plants with straw, etc.) накрывать / укрывать, укутывать / ребенка одеялом и т. д.; cover oneself with furs укутываться в меха; cover a pan with a lid накрывать, кастрюлю крышкой; cover the paths with sand (the cake with sugar, etc.) покрывать / посыпать / дорожки песком и т. д.; rain covered the streets with mud после дождя улицы были покрыты грязью; cover smb. with kisses (with ridicule, etc.) осыпать кого-л. поцелуями и т. д., cover smb. (oneself) with disgrace / with shame, with ignominy / (with glory, etc.) покрывать кого-л. (себя) позором и т. д. cover smth., smb. in smth. cover rose-trees and vine in winter укутывать / накрывать / розы и вино град на зиму; cover the child in blankets укутать ребенка в одеяла; cover smth. on smth. the floods covered a large area on both sides of the river полая вода покрыла больную площадь по обоим берегам реки

2) cover smth., smb. with smth. cover one's eyes with one's hand (one's head with a scarf, etc.) прикрывать / закрывать / глаза рукой и т. д.; cover the child with one's own body прикрыть / защитить / ребенка собственным телом; cover smb., smth. from smth. the rock covered us (our things, etc.) from fir" (from the wind, etc.) скала защищала нас в т. д. от неприятельского огня / от пуль / и т. д.

3) cover smth. in some time cover the distance in two hours (two miles in half the time, etc.) пройти / покрыть / расстояние за два часа и т. д., cover smth. on smth. cover three miles on foot пройти три мили пешком; cover this distance on a bicycle покрыть / пройти / Это расстояние на велосипеде

4) cover smth. around / in / smth. cover the whole area in the vicinity (every problem in this field, etc.) изучать весь близлежащий район и т. д.', the expedition covered the ground around the village экспедиция изучила / обследовала / весь район вокруг деревни

5) cover smth. for smth. cover the event for the radio (a fire for a newspaper, the trial for our magazine, etc.) писать о событии для радио и т. д., освещать событие по радио и т. (3.

6) cover smb. with smth. "" smb. with a gun (with a pistol, with a revolver, with an automatic, etc.) наставить / навести / на кого-л. пистолет и т. д.

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > cover
10 ride

1. I
abs

1) he can't ride он не умеет ездить верхом; he is learning to ride он учится ездить верхом /верховой езде/; how far did you ride? как далеко /сколько/ вы проехали [верхом]?; I've given up riding я перестал заниматься верховой ездой, я бросил /оставил/ верховую езду

2) coll. let the matter ride пусть будет как будет
2. III
ride in some manner ride swiftly (slowly, carefully, blindly, recklessly, proudly, gracefully, etc.) быстро и т.д. ехать верхом; ride hard /full speed, full tilt/ мчаться во весь опор; ride at full gallop скакать галопом; ride a [good] расе ехать аллюром, иноходью; ride for some time I rode all the way я весь путь проделал /проскакал/ верхом; ride somewhere he jumped on his horse and rode away он вскочил на лошадь и уехал; they rode away waving goodbye to us они поехали и помахали нам на прощание рукой; he rode off он уехал /ускакал/; ride at some time we rode a lot last year мы много ездили верхом в прошлом году; he's getting too old to ride now он стареет и не может теперь ездить верхом

2)

ride somewhere cyclists riding alongside велосипедисты, едущие рядом; shall you ride back or walk back? вы обратно поедете или пойдете пешком?; ride at some time the witches ride by night ведьмы летают [верхом на помеле] по ночам

3)

ride in some manner the car rides smoothly эта машина идет очень плавно; the cart rides hard в телеге сильно трясет
3. III
1) ride smb., smth. ride a horse (a donkey, etc.) ездить верхом на лошади и т.д.; he's ridden horses all his life он всю свою жизнь ездил верхом; ride a race участвовать в скачках; ride side-saddle ездить на дамском седле; ride a bicycle (a motor cycle, a car, etc.) ездить /кататься/ на велосипеде и т.д.; do you know how to ride a bike? вы умеете ездить на велосипеде?; ride a broomstick летать верхом на помеле; ride a considerable distance (a hundred miles, etc.) ехать на значительное расстояние и т.д.

2) ride smb. coll. leave her alone and stop riding her - she is doing her best оставь ее в покое и перестань ее дергать ride- она старается
4. IV
1) ride smth. somewhere ride a horseback home вернуться домой верхом на лошади

2) ride smth. somewhere he rode a bicycle down a country road он ехал на велосипеде по проселочной дороге

3) || ride smb. hard загнать кого-л.; he rode his horse hard он загнал свою лошадь
5. XI
1) be ridden at some time this horse has never been ridden на этой лошади никогда не ездили верхом

2) be ridden by smth. be ridden by doubts (by [foolish] fears, etc,) быть охваченным сомнениями и т.д.; he is ridden by superstitions (by prejudice, etc.) он находится во власти суеверий и т.д.
6. XVI
1) ride (up)on smth. ride on horseback (on a camel, on an elephant, on an ass, upon an ox, on a stick, etc.) ехать /ездить/ верхом на лошади и т.д.; ride on smb.'s knee (on smb.'s foot, etc.) качаться, сидя у кого-л. на коленях и т.д.; ride round smth. he rode round his estate (round the fields, etc.) each day он каждый день верхом объезжал свое имение и т.д.; ride at smb., smth. he rode straight at us он направил лошадь /поехал/ прямо на нас: he rode straight at the fence он ехал прямо на барьер /на забор/

2) ride in (on, around) smth. ride in a bus (in an omnibus, in a tramcar, in a vehicle, in /on/ a cart, in /on/ a railway train, etc.) ездить в автобусе и т.д.; ride in the train in the same compartment (up the hill in a jeep, up and down in an elevator, in a boat across /over/ a river, etc.) ехать в поезде в том же купе и т.д.; we rode in a boat on the river мы ехали в лодке по реке; ride around in his car кататься на машине; ride to smth. ride back and forth to one's work in a city ездить в город на работу и обратно; ride into smth. ride into town въезжать в город; ride straight into a lamppost наехать прямо на фонарный столб; ride over through, about/ smth. ride over /through/ the country (over /through/ a desert, over /through/ a ford, about /through/ [London] streets, etc.) ездить по стране и т.д.; ride on (over) smth. ride on (over) the waves плыть /скользить/ по волнам; ride past smth. I rode past my station я проехал мимо своей станции /свою станцию/
7. XIX1
ride like smth. ride like the wind лететь [на лошади] как ветер
8. XIX2
ride like being in some state ride like mad мчаться /нестись/ на лошади как безумный
9. XXI1
1) ride smb. at smth. ride one's horse at a fence направить лошадь к забору; ride smb. to death ride a horse to death загнать лошадь id ride a joke to death заездить шутку, затаскать остроту; he rides this theory to death он совсем заездил эту теорию

2) ride smb. on smth. ride a child on one's shoulders (on one's back, etc.) нести ребенка на плечах и т.д.

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > ride
11 scatter

ˈskætə гл.
1) а) разбрасывать, раскидывать;
рассыпать, расшвыривать Why do you have to scatter your clothes about the house? ≈ Почему тебе приходится разбрасывать всю свою одежду по дому? Scatter some of this powder round the roots to help the plant grow. ≈ Растения будут лучше расти, если посыпать этим порошком у основания стебля. Syn: broadcast, diffuse, disperse, disseminate б) уст. разбрасываться;
сорить (деньгами)
2) а) разгонять, рассеивать( толпу и т. п.) б) рассеиваться, разбегаться;
бросаться врассыпную Syn: disperse Ant: gather, unite
3) разбивать, разрушать, рассеивать (надежды, планы и т. п.)
4) посыпать, усыпать( with) Her life was not scattered with roses. ≈ Его жизненный путь не был усыпан розами.
5) а) распылять, рассеивать в воздухе( какие-л. вещества) б) испускать флюиды, издавать (запах)
6) перен. щедро одаривать, осыпать ( добродетелями, достоинствами, подарками и т. п.) рассеивание;
разброс - * bomb авиационная осколочная бомба с большой площадью поражения (редкое) разбрасывание( физическое) рассеяние( редкое) небольшое количество( рассеянное по поверхности и т. п.) разбрасывать, рассыпать, раскидывать;
расшвыривать - to * seed разбрасывать семена - to * sand рассыпать песок - to * far and wide /everywhere/ раскидывать повсюду - he *ed his papers all over the room он разбросал свои бумаги по всей комнате (военное) рассеивать, разбрасывать размещать (в разных местах, на разном расстоянии) - garrisons were *ed up and down the country гарнизоны были разбросаны по всей стране - I've *ed some ashtrays around the room so that cigarettes don't get trodden into the floor я расставила пепельницы в разных местах комнаты, чтобы окурки не валялись на полу разгонять, рассеивать - to * the birds вспугнуть птиц - the police *ed the crowd полиция разогнала толпу рассеиваться, расходиться - the flock of birds *ed when a shot was fired птицы разлетелись, когда раздался выстрел - the clouds *ed before the wind подул ветер, и тучи рассеялись - the tourists *ed about the town туристы разбрелись по городу - the boys *ed to look for mushrooms мальчики разбежались в разные стороны в поисках грибов (военное) рассредоточиваться, рассыпаться разбивать, разрушать, развеивать( надежды, планы) - all our hopes and plans are *ed to the four winds все наши надежды и планы рухнули (with) посыпать, усыпать (чем-л.) - to * the fields with seed засевать поля - to * a road with gravel посыпать дорогу гравием - her path was not *ed with flowers ее путь не был усеян цветами распылять (средства и т. п.) разъединять, разрознивать( коллекцию и т. п.) - this great collection of books has now been *ed to the four quarters of the globe эта большая коллекция книг теперь разрознена и разбросана по всему свету распространять, издавать ( запах) - to * fragrance распространять аромат щедро наделять, осыпать - kings *ed wealth and titles among their favourites короли щедро раздавали своим фаворитам деньги и титулы (устаревшее) проматывать, пускать на ветер (состояние и т. п.) (физическое) рассеивать (физическое) рассеиваться ~ разбивать, разрушать;
all our hopes and plans were scattered все наши надежды рухнули, планы потерпели крах ~ рассеивать, разгонять;
the police scattered the demonstration полиция разогнала демонстрацию random ~ случайный разброс scatter посыпать (with) ~ разбивать, разрушать;
all our hopes and plans were scattered все наши надежды рухнули, планы потерпели крах ~ разбрасывать (on, over) ~ разбрасывать ~ разгонять ~ рассеивать, разгонять;
the police scattered the demonstration полиция разогнала демонстрацию ~ рассеиваться;
бросаться врассыпную ~ расточать;
сорить (деньгами) ;
to scatter one's inheritance промотать наследство ~ of points разброс точек ~ of points рассеивание точек ~ расточать;
сорить (деньгами) ;
to scatter one's inheritance промотать наследство uniform ~ равномерный разброс

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > scatter
12 about

1. preposition
(on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) om
2. preposition, adverb
1) ((sometimes round about) near (in place, time, size etc): about five miles away; (round) about six o'clock; just about big enough.) cirka, omtrent

2) (in different directions; here and there: The children ran about (the garden).) rundt omkring i

3) (in or on some part (of a place etc): You'll find him somewhere about (the office).) i, ved, et eller annet sted i

4) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) omkring
3. adverb
((in military commands etc) in the opposite direction: About turn!) Helt om!

- be about to

nesten
--------
om
--------
omkring
--------
omtrent
--------
ved

I
adv. \/əˈbaʊt\/

1) omkring

• rush about

fare omkring

• look about

se seg omkring

2) rundt

• go about in circles

• he went a long way about

han gikk en lang omvei

3) rundt omkring, her og der, hit og dit

• people were sitting about on the grass

• he was ordered about

han ble sendt hit og dit

4) i nærheten

• he is somewhere about

han er et eller annet sted i nærheten

5) i omkrets

• a wheel two inches about

6) om, i motsatt\/feil retning

• right about!

høyre om

• it's the wrong way about

det er i feil retning

• it's quite the other way about

det er akkurat omvendt\/motsatt

7) ute, i bevegelse, i\/på farten, i omløp, fremme

8) omtrent, nesten

• about as high as that tree

• that's about the best you can get

det er noe av det beste man kan få

• I'm just about ready to go

jeg er snart klar til å dra

• I've had just about enough of this

nå har jeg fått nok av dettte \/ nå får det være nok

• that's about right!

omtrent sånn ja! \/ det stemmer sånn noenlunde!

• that's about it!

det kan (nok) stemme \/ det er nok slik det forholder seg

9) (amer., hverdagslig) villig

• he was not about to do it

han var ikke villig til å gjøre det

about to i ferd med å

all about på alle sider, rundt omkring

be about ( britisk) gjenta til det kjedsommelige

be out and about se ➢ out

be not about to ikke være villig til å

• he was not about to leave his home

han var ikke villig til å reise hjemmefra
II
prep. \/əˈbaʊt\/

1) omkring (i), rundt (i), rundt om i, rundt omkring (i)

• walk about the town

gå rundt i byen

• walk about the streets

gå gatelangs

• travel about the world

reise rundt om i verden

• the fields about Oxford

jordene rundt Oxford

2) i nærheten (av), i

• somewhere about here

et eller annet sted her i nærheten

• the people about here

folk her omkring

• somewhere about the house

et eller annet sted i huset

• books and papers lying about the house

bøker og papirer som ligger og flyter overalt i huset

3) på

• I have no money about me

jeg har ingen penger på meg

4) ved, over

• there is something about him I don't like

det er noe ved ham jeg ikke liker

• there is something cynical about him

det er noe kynisk ved ham

5) om

• tell me all about it

fortell meg alt om det

6) angående, med (hensyn til), når det gjelder

• he is careless about his personal appearance

han er likegyldig med sitt eget ytre

7) for

• I am so happy about it

jeg er så glad for det

8) ( i tidsuttrykk og matematiske uttrykk) omkring, rundt, cirka, omtrent

• about £500

• about five miles

• about 6 o'clock

• he is much about your size

han er omtrent på din størrelse

9) i gang med, i ferd med

be about dreie seg om, handle om, gjelde

• the story is about a girl

historien dreier seg om en jente

• what's it all about?

hva dreier det seg om?\/hva gjelder det?

• winning is what football is all about

å vinne er alt fotball dreier seg om

være opptatt med, være opptatt av, være sysselsatt med

• what are you about?

hva holder du på med?

• while you are about it

mens du holder på\/når du først er i gang

• you have been a long time about it

du har tatt deg god tid

English-Norwegian dictionary > about
13 sweep

sweep

A n

1 ( also sweep out) coup m de balai ; to give sth a (good/quick) sweep donner un (bon/petit) coup de balai à qch ;

2 ( movement) with a sweep of the scythe/the paintbrush d'un coup de faux/de pinceau ; with a sweep of his arm d'un grand geste du bras ; to make a wide sweep south to avoid the mountains faire un grand crochet vers le sud pour éviter les montagnes ;

3 (tract, stretch) (of land, woods, hills, cliffs) étendue f ; ( of lawn) surface f ; ( of fabric) drapé m ;

4 (scope, range) (of events, history, novel, country) ampleur f ; ( of opinion) éventail m ; (of telescope, gun) champ m ; the broad sweep of left-wing opinion le large éventail d'opinions qui composent la gauche ;

5 ( search) ( on land) exploration f, fouille f ; ( by air) survol m ; ( attack) sortie f ; ( to capture) ratissage m ; to make a sweep of ( search) ( on land) explorer, fouiller ; ( by air) survoler ; ( to capture) ratisser ; a sweep for bugs une fouille à la recherche de micros ; a sweep for mines un dragage des mines ;

6 ( also chimney sweep) ramoneur m ;

7 ( of electron beam) balayage m ;

8 = sweepstake.

B vtr ( prét, pp swept)

1 ( clean) balayer [floor, room, path] ; ramoner [chimney] ; to sweep the carpet ( with vacuum cleaner) passer l'aspirateur (sur le tapis) ; to sweep a channel clear dégager un chenal ; to sweep sth free of mines déminer qch ;

2 (clear away, remove with brush) to sweep sth up ou away balayer [dust, leaves, glass] ; to sweep leaves into a corner/a heap balayer des feuilles et les pousser dans un coin/et en faire un tas ; to sweep the crumbs onto the floor balayer les miettes sur le sol ; to sweep the crumbs off a table ramasser les miettes d'une table ;

3 (move, push) to sweep sth off the table faire tomber qch de la table (d'un grand geste de la main) ; to sweep sb into one's arms prendre qn dans ses bras ; to sweep sb off his/her feet [sea, wave] emporter qn, faire perdre pied à qn ; fig ( romantically) faire perdre la tête à qn ; to sweep sb overboard/out to sea entraîner qn par-dessus bord/vers le large ; to be swept over a waterfall être entrainé dans une chute d'eau ; a wave of nationalism which sweeps all before it une vague de nationalisme qui balaye tout devant elle ; a wave of public euphoria swept him into office une vague d'euphorie générale l'a amené à ses fonctions ; to be swept into power être porté au pouvoir avec une majorité écrasante ;

4 ( spread through) [disease, crime, panic, fashion, craze] déferler sur ; [storm, fire] ravager ; [rumour] se répandre dans ; cold winds are sweeping the country des vents froids balayent le pays ; the party swept the country Pol le parti a remporté un immense succès dans le pays ;

5 (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] balayer ; [person] parcourir [qch] des yeux ; Mil [vessel, submarine] sillonner ; [police] ratisser (for à la recherche de) ; to sweep sth for mines déminer qch ; to sweep sth for bugs fouiller qch à la recherche de micros.

C vi ( prét, pp swept)

1 ( clean) = sweep up ;

2 lit, fig ( move with sweeping motion) to sweep in/out ( quickly) entrer/sortir rapidement ; ( majestically) entrer/sortir majestueusement ; the plane swept (down) low over the fields l'avion survolait les champs à basse altitude ; the wind swept in from the east le vent soufflait de l'est ; to sweep into [person] entrer majestueusement dans [room] ; [invaders, enemy] envahir [region] ; to sweep (in)to power Pol être porté au pouvoir (avec une majorité écrasante) ; to sweep to victory remporter une victoire écrasante ; to sweep through [disease, crime, panic, fashion, craze, change, democracy] déferler sur ; [fire, storm] ravager ; [rumour] se répandre dans ; to sweep over [beam, searchlight] balayer ; [gaze] parcourir ; fear/pain swept over him la peur/la douleur l'a envahi ; the feeling swept over me that j'ai été pris de la sensation que ;

3 ( extend) the road sweeps north/around the lake la route décrit une large courbe vers le nord/autour du lac ; the river sweeps north/around the town la rivière continue vers le nord/contourne la ville en décrivant une large boucle ; the mountains sweep down to the sea les montagnes descendent majestueusement jusqu'à la mer ; a flight of steps sweeps up to the entrance un perron majestueux mène à l'entrée.

Idiom

to sweep sth under the carpet GB ou rug US escamoter qch, occulter qch.

Phrasal verbs

■ sweep along:

▶ sweep [sb/sth] along [current, water] entraîner ; to be swept along by être emporté par [crowd] ; être entraîné par [public opinion].

■ sweep aside:

▶ sweep [sb/sth] aside, sweep aside [sb/sth] lit, fig écarter [person, objection, protest] ; repousser [offer] ; balayer [inhibition].

■ sweep away:

▶ sweep [sb/sth] away, sweep away [sb/sth]

1 lit [river, flood] emporter [person, bridge] ;

2 fig éliminer, faire disparaître [restrictions, limits] ; balayer [obstacle, difficulty] ; to be swept away by se laisser entraîner par [enthusiasm, optimism] ; être emporté par [passion].

■ sweep out:

▶ sweep [sth] out, sweep out [sth] balayer [room, garage].

■ sweep up:

▶ sweep up balayer ;

▶ sweep up [sth], sweep [sth] up

1 ( with broom) balayer [leaves, litter] ;

2 ( with arms) ramasser [qch] d'un geste large ;

3 fig to be swept up in être entraîné dans [revolution] ; être entraîné par [wave of nationalism, of enthusiasm].

Big English-French dictionary > sweep
14 fly

̈ɪflaɪ I сущ. этимологически то же слово, что и fly II
1) а) уст. любое насекомое fly-eater fly-wire fly in amber fly-speck Syn: bee, gnat, locust, moth б) любое двукрылое (не имеющее надкрыльев) насекомое, в особенности муха;
с.-х. разг. наиболее опасное в данной местности насекомое-вредитель (как о вредителях злаков, так и вредителях скота) to swat a fly ≈ прибить муху fruit fly fly brush tsetse fly like flies в) что-л. мелкое, незначительное He would not hurt a fly. ≈ Он мухи не обидит, он сама доброта. crush a fly upon a wheel break a fly upon a wheel fly on the wall ∙ a fly in the ointment ≈ ложка дегтя в бочке меда, волос в супе, муха в компоте there are no flies on him ≈ он не дурак, его не проведешь don't let flies stick to your heels ≈ поторапливайся
2) насекомое-наживка;
муляж насекомого, используемый как наживка fish with fly
3) шпион, соглядатай;
сл. полицейский, полисмен Syn: spy
4) то же, что printer's devil ∙ drink with flies II
1. сущ.
1) что-л. связанное с летающим самим по себе а) полет( чего-л. летающего самостоятельно или запущенного) ;
дальность полета( чего-л. запущенного, кинутого) on the fly give a fly fly boy б) быстроходный конный экипаж, пролетка;
особый вид наемного экипажа в Англии, может иметься в виду кэб
2) что-л. прикрепленное к чему-л., обычно болтающееся а) тех. маятник;
балансир б) тех. маховик (полный вариант fly wheel) ;
шпиндель Syn: spindle в) мн. театр. колосники( несущие конструкции под потолком сцены для подвешивания занавеса, декораций и т.п.) г) край флага;
длина флага д) откидное полотнище палатки е) ширинка( у брюк) to close, do up брит., zip up one's fly ≈ застегнуть ширинку/ молнию to open, unzip one's fly ≈ расстегнуть ширинку/молнию Syn: zipper ∙ fly table
3) уловка, трюк, хитрость Syn: trick, dodge
4) мор. лимб компаса
2. гл.;
прош. вр. - flew, прич. прош. вр. - flown
1) летать, пролетать to fly from (to) ≈ лететь из (в) to fly into Chicago ≈ прилетать в Чикаго to fly out of Chicago ≈ вылетать из Чикаго She flew from New York to London. ≈ Она летела из Нью-Йорка в Лондон. He flew his private plane to Florida. ≈ Он полетел на своем личном самолете во Флориду. to fly nonstop ≈ лететь без промежуточной посадки to fly blind ≈ лететь по приборам
2) перен. а) разлетаться, распространяться (с большой скоростью) rumors were flying ≈ распространялись слухи б) пролетать, быстро проходить The time simply flew. ≈ Время просто пролетело! (незаметно)
3) развевать(ся) to fly away ≈ развеваться( о волосах) Her long uncovered hair flew away in the wind. ≈ Ее длинные распущенные волосы развевались на ветру.
4) пилотировать, управлять( об управлении каким-л. летательным аппаратом) He flew a small plane to Cuba. ≈ Он вел на Кубу небольшой спортивный самолет.
5) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. ≈ fled а) улепетывать, удирать;
спасаться бегством, убегать;
уходить Syn: escape, flee б) исчезать, пропадать Syn: vanish
1.
6) а) запускать, гонять( голубей) to fly a kite ≈ пускать бумажного змея б) спешить
7) переправлять пассажиров/грузы по воздуху It may be possible to fly the women and children out on Thursday. ≈ В четверг, быть может, окажется возможным переправить женщин и детей. ∙ fly about fly around fly at let fly at fly high fly in fly into fly off fly on fly open fly out fly over fly right fly round fly up fly upon fly shut to fly the flag мор. ≈ нести флаг;
плавать под флагом the glass flew into pieces ≈ стекло разбилось вдребезги to fly in the face of Providence ≈ искушать судьбу to send smb. flying ≈ сбить кого-л. с ног, свалить кого-л. ударом на землю to fly to smb.'s arms ≈ броситься в чьи-л. объятия to fly high ≈ воодушевляться to fly in the face of tradition ≈ попирать традицию to fly in the face of smb. ≈ бросать вызов кому-л.;
открыто не повиноваться;
не считаться to make the feathers fly ≈ стравить( противников), раззадорить to send things flying ≈ расшвырять вещи to fly to arms ≈ взяться за оружие;
начать войну to fly off the handle ≈ сорваться, разозлиться make the money fly III прил.;
разг.
1) ловкий;
искусный, хитроумный, хитрый Syn: keen I, artful, wide-awake
2) быстрый, проворный, ловкий ( о движениях пальцев) Syn: dexterous, nimble, skilful муха (энтомология) двукрылое или летающее насекомое (Diptera) (рыболовство) наживка;
искусственная мушка - to dress a * вязать искусственную мушку > a * in amber( музейная) редкость > a * in the ointment ложка дегтя в бочке меда;
(библеизм) муха в благовонной масти > to be /to look/ a * in milk выделяться, представлять собой контраст( с чем-л.) > to break /to crush/ a * upon the wheel стрелять из пушек по воробьям > don't let flies stick to your heels поторопитесь;
быстрее;
не теряйте времени > she wouldn't hurt a * она и мухи не обидит > there are no flies on him его не проведешь;
он начеку > to rise to the * проглотить приманку;
откликнуться /отозваться/ на что-л. (разговорное) полет;
перелет - to have a * in an airplane лететь самолетом - on the * на лету;
на ходу - I was late and caught the train on the * я опоздал и вскочил в поезд на ходу( разговорное) прыжок - long * (спортивное) прыжок прогнувшись с опорой на снаряд( историческое) извозчичья пролетка откидное полотнище( палатки) крыло (ветряка и т. п.) крыльчатка длина (флага) ;
косица( флага) pl (театроведение) колосники (полиграфия) форзац;
чистый лист в начале или конце книги (текстильное) бегун чесальной машины( текстильное) мотовило гульфик, ширинка ( у брюк) - * buttons брючные пуговицы - your * is undone застегни брюки( техническое) маятник, балансир (техническое) маховое колесо, маховик ( морское) картушка (компаса) (спортивное) передача игроку, бегущему на чужую половину поля летать;
лететь - birds are *ing in the air птицы носятся в воздухе - they flew up and up они летели ввысь /все выше и выше/, они взмыли в вышину - the hawk flew round the farm ястреб кружил над фермой - sparks * upwards искры взлетают вверх - dust flies in clouds пыль носится тучами - bullets flew in all directions кругом свистели пули - to catch smth. *ing поймать /схватить/ что-л. на лету (авиация) лететь, идти - the plane flew across the desert самолет пересек пустыню - to * over London летать над Лондоном - our planes were *ing westwards наши самолеты шли на запад - to * the Atlantic перелетать через Атлантический океан пользоваться воздушным транспортом, лететь (самолетом) - did he go by train? - No,he flew он поехал поездом? - Нет, полетел самолетом - he flew to Paris он полетел в Париж - I flew part of the way часть пути я проделал на самолете /летел/ - to * first-class лететь первым классом - we flew "Tourist" to London мы летели в Лондон туристическим классом - * N. Airways летайте самолетами такой-то компании нестись, мчаться, лететь;
спешить - a car flew past me мимо меня промчалась машина - the train was *ing through the fields and forests поезд мчался через поля и леса - clouds flew across the sky по небу неслись облака - to * into a room стремительно вбежать /влететь/ в комнату - to * out of the room стремительно выбежать /выскочить/ из комнаты - I flew to meet him я помчался /полетел/ к нему навстречу - it's getting late, we must * уже поздно, нам нужно бежать - to * to smb's assistance /help/ поспешить кому-л. на помощь - to * to smb's arms броситься кому-л. в объятия - how time does *! как летит время! - how rumours do *! как быстро распространяются слухи! развеваться - flags flew from every mast флаги развевались на всех мачтах - the soldiers came back with flags *ing (образное) солдаты вернулись с победой - with hair *ing behind her с развевающимися волосами нести (флаг) - to * a flag (морское) нести флаг, плавать под флагом - the ship flew the British flag корабль шел под британским флагом - flags flown at half-mast приспущенные флаги (past и p.p. тж. fled) спасаться бегством - to * the country бежать из страны - to * to Belgium бежать в Бельгию - he was forced to * for his life он был вынужден спасаться бегством - to send the enemy *ing обратить противника в бегство - the bird has flown "птичка улетела" (о преступнике, разыскиваемом лице и т. п.) улетучиться, исчезнуть - mists *ing before the morning sun туман, рассеивающийся в лучах утреннего солнца - his inheritance flew его состояние улетучилось - to make money * швыряться деньгами;
пускать деньги на ветер слетать, срываться - strange words flew from her lips с ее губ срывались странные слова( разговорное) опьянеть, напиться;
одуреть от вина или наркотика;
нанюхаться (американизм) (разговорное) пользоваться успехом или признанием - this approach will not * этот подход ничего не даст (to) ударить, броситься в голову ( о вине и т. п.) - to * to the head ударить /броситься/ в голову - the wine flew to his head вино ударило ему в голову - the blood flew to his head кровь бросилась ему в голову - the praise flew to his head похвала вскружила ему голову (охота) охотиться с соколами (полиграфия) снимать с печатного пресса вести, пилотировать ( самолет, космический корабль): управлять( самолетом и т. п.) - he could * any type of plane он мог вести любой самолет - to * blind лететь по приборам - to * the beam лететь по радиолучу - to * a sortie( военное) совершать /производить/ самолето-вылет запускать (змея) ;
гонять( голубей) (авиация) перевозить( пассажиров, грузы и т. п.) самолетом - to * passengers перевозить пассажиров( самолетом) - they flew me to Paris меня доставили в Париж самолетом - to * munitions перебрасывать боеприпасы( по воздуху) (open) распахиваться;
(shut) захлопываться - the door flew open дверь распахнулась - to fly into a state приходить в какое-л. состояние - to * into a rage /into a temper/ прийти в ярость, рассердиться - to fly at /upon,on/ smb. броситься на кого-л. - the dog flew at the boy собака (на) бросилась на мальчика - she flew at him like a tigress она кинулась /бросилась, налетела/ на него, как тигрица - to * at smb.'s throat схватить кого-л. за горло;
кинуться душить кого-л. - to fly out at smb. набрасываться на кого-л. с бранью - to fly to smb. for smth. обращаться к кому-л. за чем-л. - to * to smb. for support искать у кого-л. поддержки, обращаться к кому-л. за поддержкой - whatever happened, she would * to him (for help) что бы ни случилось, она всегда обращалась к нему (за помощью) > to * high /at high pitch, at high game/ высоко заноситься, быть честолюбивым > to * low держаться в тени, избегать известности, стараться не привлекать к себе внимания > to * short of не быть на должной высоте, не достичь должного уровня > to * in the face /in the teeth/ of бросать вызов > to * in the face of Providence искушать судьбу > this would * in the face of all common-sense это совершенно противоречит здравому смыслу > to * asunder /to bits/ разлетаться вдребезги > the glass flew to bits стакан разлетелся вдребезги > to make the feathers /dust/ * поднять ссору /бучу/;
энергично накинуться( на кого-л.) ;
распушить( кого-л.), задать жару > to send smth. *ing запустить чем-л. > he sent the plate *ing out of the window он вышвырнул тарелку из окна > he sent the book *ing at me он швырнул в меня книгой > to * off the handle сорваться, вспылить, выйти из себя > to * to arms взяться за оружие > to let * (at) стрелять (в кого-л., во что-л.) ;
бросать, швырять;
сильно выругать( кого-Л.) > as the crow flies по прямой, кратчайшим путем > the devil * away with you! черт тебя возьми /забери/ > to * the coop (сленг) смотать удочки, задать стрекача > let * (сленг) начать что-л., особ. речь или выговор;
плюнуть > go * a kite! (сленг) убирайся отсюда!, сгинь! > to * light( американизм) проголодаться осмотрительный, хитрый - he is a * customer ему пальца в рот не клади подвижный, ловкий ( о пальцах) производящий впечатление, приятный, элегантный ~ улетать, исчезать (тж. перен.) ;
the bird has flown = "птичка улетела", преступник скрылся;
it is late, we must fly уже поздно, нам пора убираться caddis ~ веснянка, майская муха ~ спешить;
the children flew to meet their mother дети бросились навстречу к матери fly с.-х. разг. вредитель;
a fly in the ointment = ложка дегтя в бочке меда ~ длина (флага) ~ pl театр. колосники ~ край (флага) ~ крыло (ветряка) ~ (flew;
flown) летать, пролетать;
to fly across the continent лететь через (весь) континент ~ разг. ловкий;
проворный ~ тех. маятник;
балансир ~ муха ~ уст. одноконный наемный экипаж ~ откидное полотнище палатки ~ переправлять пассажиров (или грузы) по воздуху ~ пилотировать (самолет) ~ полет;
расстояние полета;
on the fly на лету ~ развевать(ся) ~ спешить;
the children flew to meet their mother дети бросились навстречу к матери ~ (past u p. p. fled) улепетывать, удирать;
спасаться бегством;
fly at нападать;
набрасываться с бранью ~ улетать, исчезать (тж. перен.) ;
the bird has flown = "птичка улетела", преступник скрылся;
it is late, we must fly уже поздно, нам пора убираться ~ разг. хитрый ~ ширинка (у брюк) ~ (flew;
flown) летать, пролетать;
to fly across the continent лететь через (весь) континент ~ (past u p. p. fled) улепетывать, удирать;
спасаться бегством;
fly at нападать;
набрасываться с бранью ~ upon = ~ at;
to ~ open распахнуть(ся) ;
to fly high высоко заноситься, быть честолюбивым he flew off the handle он как с цепи сорвался;
fly on = fly at;
fly out вспылить, рассердиться (at - на) ~ upon = ~ at;
to ~ open распахнуть(ся) ;
to fly high высоко заноситься, быть честолюбивым ~ in доставлять по воздуху to ~ in the face (of smb.) бросать вызов (кому-л.) ;
открыто не повиноваться;
не считаться;
to fly in the face of Providence искушать судьбу to ~ in the face (of smb.) бросать вызов (кому-л.) ;
открыто не повиноваться;
не считаться;
to fly in the face of Providence искушать судьбу fly с.-х. разг. вредитель;
a fly in the ointment = ложка дегтя в бочке меда ~ into влететь (в комнату и т. п.) ~ into прийти (в ярость, в восторг) ~ off поспешно убегать;
уклоняться ~ off соскакивать, отлетать;
to fly off the handle соскочить с рукоятки (о молотке) ;
перен. выйти из себя, вспылить ~ off соскакивать, отлетать;
to fly off the handle соскочить с рукоятки (о молотке) ;
перен. выйти из себя, вспылить he flew off the handle он как с цепи сорвался;
fly on = fly at;
fly out вспылить, рассердиться (at - на) a ~ on the wheel = самомнения ему не занимать стать;
there are no flies on him он не дурак, его не проведешь ~ upon = ~ at;
to ~ open распахнуть(ся) ;
to fly high высоко заноситься, быть честолюбивым he flew off the handle он как с цепи сорвался;
fly on = fly at;
fly out вспылить, рассердиться (at - на) ~ over перепрыгнуть, перемахнуть через;
fly round кружиться, крутиться (о коле ~ се) to ~ pigeons гонять голубей ~ over перепрыгнуть, перемахнуть через;
fly round кружиться, крутиться (о коле ~ се) to ~ the flag мор. нести флаг;
плавать под флагом;
the glass flew into pieces стекло разбилось вдребезги to ~ to arms взяться за оружие;
начать войну;
to fly to (smb.'s) arms броситься в (чьи-л.) объятия to ~ to arms взяться за оружие;
начать войну;
to fly to (smb.'s) arms броситься в (чьи-л.) объятия ~ upon = ~ at;
to ~ open распахнуть(ся) ;
to fly high высоко заноситься, быть честолюбивым to ~ the flag мор. нести флаг;
плавать под флагом;
the glass flew into pieces стекло разбилось вдребезги he flew off the handle он как с цепи сорвался;
fly on = fly at;
fly out вспылить, рассердиться (at - на) ~ улетать, исчезать (тж. перен.) ;
the bird has flown = "птичка улетела", преступник скрылся;
it is late, we must fly уже поздно, нам пора убираться to let ~ at отпускать ругательства по (чьему-л.) адресу to let ~ at стрелять (в кого-л., во что-л.) to make the money ~ промотать деньги;
to make the feathers fly стравить (противников), раззадорить to make the money ~ промотать деньги;
to make the feathers fly стравить (противников), раззадорить to make the money ~ швырять(ся) деньгами ~ полет;
расстояние полета;
on the fly на лету to send (smb.) flying сбить( кого-л.) с ног, свалить( кого-л.) ударом на землю;
to send things flying расшвырять вещи send: to ~ flying отшвырнуть (см. тж.) ;
to send (smb.) sprawling сбить (кого-л.) с ног to ~ flying рассеять;
разбросать;
обратить в бегство to ~ flying сообщить предмету стремительное движение to send (smb.) flying сбить (кого-л.) с ног, свалить (кого-л.) ударом на землю;
to send things flying расшвырять вещи a ~ on the wheel = самомнения ему не занимать стать;
there are no flies on him он не дурак, его не проведешь ~ улетать, исчезать (тж. перен.) ;
the bird has flown = "птичка улетела", преступник скрылся;
it is late, we must fly уже поздно, нам пора убираться

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > fly
15 lie

I 1. noun
1) (false statement) Lüge, die

tell lies/a lie — lügen

no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

white lie — Notlüge, die

give the lie to something — etwas Lügen strafen

2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
2. intransitive verb,
lying lügen

lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen
II 1. noun
(direction, position) Lage, die

the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage
2. intransitive verb,
lying, lay, lain

1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

2)

lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

how do things lie? — wie liegen die Dinge?

3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen

4) (be situated) liegen

Austria lies to the south of Germany — Österreich liegt südlich von Deutschland

5) (be spread out to view)

the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

6) (Naut.)

lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen

her interest lies in languages — ihr Interesse liegt auf sprachlichem Gebiet

I will do everything that lies in my power to help — ich werde alles tun, was in meiner Macht steht, um zu helfen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/42782/lie_about">lie about

- lie back

- lie down

- lie in

- lie up

* * *
I 1. noun
(a false statement made with the intention of deceiving: It would be a lie to say I knew, because I didn't.) die Lüge
2. verb
(to say etc something which is not true, with the intention of deceiving: There's no point in asking her - she'll just lie about it.) lügen

- liar
II present participle - lying; verb
1) (to be in or take a more or less flat position: She went into the bedroom and lay on the bed; The book was lying in the hall.) liegen

2) (to be situated; to be in a particular place etc: The farm lay three miles from the sea; His interest lies in farming.) liegen

3) (to remain in a certain state: The shop is lying empty now.) sich befinden

4) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) bestehen

•

- lie back
- lie down
- lie in
- lie in wait for
- lie in wait
- lie low
- lie with
- take lying down
* * *

lie¹

[laɪ]

I. vi

<- y->

lügen

▪ to \lie about sth intentions, plans falsche Angaben über etw akk machen

I used to \lie about my age ich habe immer ein falsches Alter angegeben

▪ to \lie about sb über jdn die Unwahrheit erzählen

▪ to \lie to sb jdn belügen

▶ to \lie through one's teeth wie gedruckt lügen fam

II. vt

<- y->

to \lie one's way somewhere sich akk irgendwohin hineinschmuggeln

▪ to \lie one's way [or oneself] out of sth sich akk aus etw dat herausreden

III. n Lüge f

to be a pack [or BRIT tissue] of \lies erstunken und erlogen sein fam

to be an outright \lie glatt gelogen sein fam

to give the \lie to sb/sth jdn/etw Lügen strafen

to tell \lies Lügen erzählen

don't tell me \lies! lüg mich nicht an!

her name is Paula, no, I tell a \lie — it's Pauline ihr Name ist Paula — nein, Moment, bevor ich etwas Falsches sage — sie heißt Pauline

lie²

[laɪ]

I. n

1. no pl (position) Lage f

2. no pl esp BRIT, AUS (shape)

the \lie of the land die Beschaffenheit des Geländes; ( fig) die Lage

to find out the \lie of the land das Gelände erkunden; ( fig) die Lage sondieren [o peilen

II. vi

<-y-, lay, lain>

1. (be horizontal, resting) liegen

to \lie on one's back/in bed/on the ground auf dem Rücken/im Bett/auf dem Boden liegen

to \lie in state aufgebahrt sein [o liegen]

to \lie awake/quietly/still wach/ruhig/still [da]liegen

to \lie flat flach liegen [bleiben]

2. (be buried) ruhen

here \lies the body of... hier ruht...

3. (become horizontal) sich akk hinlegen

\lie face down! leg dich auf den Bauch!

4. (be upon a surface) liegen

snow lay thickly over the fields auf den Feldern lag eine dicke Schneeschicht

5. (be in a particular state)

to \lie at the mercy of sb jds Gnade ausgeliefert sein

to \lie in ruins in Trümmern liegen

to \lie under a suspicion unter einem Verdacht stehen

to \lie in wait auf der Lauer liegen

to \lie dying im Sterben liegen

to \lie empty leer stehen

to \lie fallow brach liegen

6. (remain) liegen bleiben

the snow didn't \lie der Schnee blieb nicht liegen

7. (be situated) liegen

the road lay along the canal die Straße führte am Kanal entlang

to \lie in anchor/harbour in Hamburg in Hamburg vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

to \lie off the coast [or shore] vor der Küste liegen

to \lie to the east/north of sth im Osten/Norden [o östlich/nördlich] einer S. gen liegen

the river \lies 40 km to the south of us der Fluss befindet sich 40 km südlich von uns

to \lie on the route to Birmingham auf dem Weg nach Birmingham liegen

8. (weigh)

to \lie heavily on sth schwer auf etw dat lasten

to \lie heavily on sb's mind jdn schwer bedrücken

to \lie heavily on sb's stomach jdm schwer im Magen liegen fam

9. (be the responsibility of)

▪ to \lie on sb jdm obliegen geh

▪ to \lie with sb bei jdm liegen

the choice/decision \lies [only] with you die Wahl/Entscheidung liegt [ganz allein] bei dir

it \lies with you to decide es liegt an dir zu entscheiden

the responsibility for the project \lies with us wir sind für das Projekt verantwortlich [o tragen die Verantwortung für das Projekt

10. (be found)

▪ to \lie in sth in etw dat liegen

where do your interests \lie? wo liegen deine Interessen?

the cause of the argument \lies in the stubbornness on both sides die Ursache des Streits liegt in [o an] der Sturheit auf beiden Seiten

the decision doesn't \lie in my power die Entscheidung [darüber] liegt nicht in meiner Macht

11. BRIT (in a competition)

to \lie bottom of/third in the table Tabellenletzter/-dritter sein

to \lie in second place auf dem zweiten Platz liegen

to \lie third dritter sein

to \lie in front of/behind sb vor/hinter jdm liegen

12. LAW claim, appeal zulässig sein

13.

▶ to \lie doggo BRIT ( fam) sich akk mucksmäuschenstill verhalten fam

▶ to \lie low (escape search) untergetaucht sein; (avoid being noticed) sich akk unauffällig verhalten; (bide one's time) sich akk [im Verborgenen] bereithalten

▶ to see how the land \lies die Lage sondieren [o peilen]

* * *
I [laɪ]
1. n
Lüge f
it's a lie! — das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!

to tell a lie — lügen

I tell a lie, it's actually tomorrow — das stimmt ja gar nicht or ich hab mich vertan, es ist morgen

to give the lie to sb — jdn der Lüge bezichtigen or beschuldigen

to give the lie to a claim — die Unwahrheit einer Behauptung (gen) zeigen or beweisen, eine Behauptung Lügen strafen (geh)

2. vi
lügen
to lie to sb —

the camera never lies — die Kamera lügt nie

3. vt

to lie one's way out of sth — sich aus etw herauslügen
II vb: pret lay, ptp lain
1. n
(= position) Lage f, Position f
2. vi

1) (in horizontal or resting position) liegen; (= lie down) sich legen

he lay where he had fallen — er blieb liegen, wo er hingefallen war

lie on your back — leg dich auf den Rücken

obstacles lie in the way of our success — unser Weg zum Erfolg ist mit Hindernissen verstellt

the snow didn't lie —

to lie with sb ( Bibl old ) ( ) —,, old )

2) (= be buried) ruhen

to lie at rest — zur letzten Ruhe gebettet sein (geh)

3) (= be situated) liegen

the runner who is lying third (esp Brit) — der Läufer, der auf dem dritten Platz liegt

Uganda lies far from the coast — Uganda liegt weit von der Küste ab or entfernt

our road lay along the river — unsere Straße führte am Fluss entlang

our futures lie in quite different directions —

you are young and your life lies before you — du bist jung, und das Leben liegt noch vor dir

4) (= be, remain in a certain condition) liegen

to lie asleep — (daliegen und) schlafen

to lie helpless — hilflos daliegen

to lie dying — im Sterben liegen

he lay resting on the sofa — er ruhte sich auf dem Sofa aus

the snow lay deep — es lag tiefer Schnee

the book lay unopened — das Buch lag ungeöffnet da

to lie low —

to lie heavy on the stomach — schwer im Magen liegen

to lie heavy on the conscience — schwer auf dem Gewissen lasten

5) (immaterial things) liegen

where does the difficulty lie? — wo liegt die Schwierigkeit?

it lies with you to solve the problem — es liegt bei dir, das Problem zu lösen

his interests lie in music — seine Interessen liegen auf dem Gebiet der Musik or gelten der Musik

he did everything that lay in his power to help us — er tat alles in seiner Macht Stehende, um uns zu helfen

that responsibility lies with your department — dafür ist Ihre Abteilung verantwortlich

the real solution lies in education — Bildung ist die wahre Lösung

* * *

lie¹ [laı]

A s Lüge f:

tell lies ( oder a lie) lügen;

that’s a lie! das ist eine Lüge!, das ist gelogen!;

give the lie to

a) jemanden der Lüge bezichtigen,

b) etwas, jemanden Lügen strafen, widerlegen;

lies have short wings (Sprichwort) Lügen haben kurze Beine; → live¹ B 2, white lie

B v/i ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]

1. lügen:

lie to sb jemanden belügen, jemanden anlügen;

he lied (to them) about his past das, was er (ihnen) über seine Vergangenheit erzählte, war gelogen;

she lied (to them) about her age sie machte sich (ihnen gegenüber) jünger oder älter, als sie tatsächlich war;

lie through ( oder in) one’s teeth, lie in one’s throat umg das Blaue vom Himmel (herunter)lügen, wie gedruckt lügen

2. lügen, trügen, täuschen, einen falschen Eindruck erwecken (Zahlen etc)

C v/t lie to sb that … jemandem vorlügen, dass …;

lie o.s. ( oder one’s way) out of sich herauslügen aus

lie² [laı]

A s

1. Lage f (auch fig):

the lie of the land fig Br die Lage (der Dinge)

2. Lager n (von Tieren)

B v/i prät lay [leı], pperf lain [leın], ppr lying [ˈlaııŋ]

1. liegen:

a) allg im Bett etc liegen:

all his books are lying about ( oder around) the room seine ganzen Bücher liegen im Zimmer herum; → ruin A 2, etc

b) ausgebreitet, tot etc daliegen:

lie dying im Sterben liegen

c) gelegen sein, sich befinden:

the town lies on a river die Stadt liegt an einem Fluss;

lie second ( oder in second position) SPORT etc an zweiter Stelle oder auf dem zweiten Platz liegen;

all his money is lying in the bank sein ganzes Geld liegt auf der Bank

d) begründet liegen, bestehen ( beide:

in in dat)

e) begraben sein oder liegen, ruhen:

here lies … hier ruht …

2. liegen bleiben (Schnee)

3. SCHIFF, MIL liegen (Flotte, Truppe)

4. SCHIFF

a) vor Anker liegen

b) beidrehen: → lie along, lie off 1, lie to

5. a) liegen:

the goose lay heavy on his stomach die Gans lag ihm schwer im Magen

b) fig lasten (on auf der Seele etc):

his past lies heavily on him ( oder his mind) seine Vergangenheit lastet schwer auf ihm

6. führen, verlaufen:

the road lies through a forest

7. (behind) stecken (hinter dat), der Grund sein (für oder gen)

8. JUR zulässig sein (Klage etc):

appeal lies to the Supreme Court Berufung kann vor dem Obersten Bundesgericht eingelegt werden

9. lie with sb obs oder BIBEL jemandem beiliegen (mit jemandem schlafen)Besondere Redewendungen: as far as in me lies obs oder poet soweit es an mir liegt, soweit es in meinen Kräften steht;

his greatness lies in his courage seine Größe liegt in seinem Mut (begründet);

he knows where his interest lies er weiß, wo sein Vorteil liegt;

lie in sb’s way

a) jemandem zur Hand sein,

b) jemandem möglich sein,

c) in jemandes Fach schlagen,

d) jemandem im Weg stehen his talents do not lie that way dazu hat er kein Talent;

lie on sb JUR jemandem obliegen;

the responsibility lies on you die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;

lie on sb’s hands unbenutzt oder unverkauft bei jemandem liegen bleiben;

lie to the north SCHIFF Nord anliegen;

lie under an obligation eine Verpflichtung haben;

lie under the suspicion of murder unter Mordverdacht stehen;

lie under a sentence of death zum Tode verurteilt sein;

the fault lies with him die Schuld liegt bei ihm;

it lies with you to do it es liegt an dir oder es ist deine Sache, es zu tun; siehe Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven etc

* * *
I 1. noun
1) (false statement) Lüge, die

tell lies/a lie — lügen

no, I tell a lie,... — (coll.) nein, nicht dass ich jetzt lüge,... (ugs.)

white lie — Notlüge, die

give the lie to something — etwas Lügen strafen

2) (thing that deceives) [einzige] Lüge (fig.); Schwindel, der (abwertend)
2. intransitive verb,
lying lügen

lie to somebody — jemanden be- od. anlügen
II 1. noun
(direction, position) Lage, die

the lie of the land — (Brit. fig.): (state of affairs) die Lage der Dinge; die Sachlage
2. intransitive verb,
lying, lay, lain

1) liegen; (assume horizontal position) sich legen

many obstacles lie in the way of my success — (fig.) viele Hindernisse verstellen mir den Weg zum Erfolg

she lay asleep/resting on the sofa — sie lag auf dem Sofa und schlief/ruhte sich aus

lie still/dying — still liegen/im Sterben liegen

2)

lie idle — [Feld, Garten:] brachliegen; [Maschine, Fabrik:] stillstehen; [Gegenstand:] [unbenutzt] herumstehen (ugs.)

let something/things lie — etwas/die Dinge ruhen lassen

how do things lie? — wie liegen die Dinge?

3) (be buried) [begraben] liegen

4) (be situated) liegen

Austria lies to the south of Germany — Österreich liegt südlich von Deutschland

5) (be spread out to view)

the valley/plain/desert lay before us — vor uns lag das Tal/die Ebene/die Wüste

a brilliant career lay before him — (fig.) eine glänzende Karriere lag vor ihm

6) (Naut.)

lie at anchor/in harbour — vor Anker/im Hafen liegen

7) (fig.) [Gegenstand:] liegen

her interest lies in languages — ihr Interesse liegt auf sprachlichem Gebiet

I will do everything that lies in my power to help — ich werde alles tun, was in meiner Macht steht, um zu helfen

Phrasal Verbs:

- lie about

- lie back

- lie down

- lie in

- lie up

* * *

n.

Lüge -n f. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: lied) (•§ p.,p.p.: lay, lain•)

= liegen v.

(§ p.,pp.: lag, gelegen)

lügen v.

(§ p.,pp.: log, gelogen)

English-german dictionary > lie
16 scatter

1. [ʹskætə] n
1. рассеивание; разброс

scatter bomb - авиационная осколочная бомба с большой площадью поражения

2. редк. разбрасывание

3. физ. рассеяние

4. редк. небольшое количество (рассеянное по поверхности и т. п.)
2. [ʹskætə] v
1. 1) разбрасывать, рассыпать, раскидывать; расшвыривать

to scatter seed [crumbs] - разбрасывать семена [крошки]

to scatter sand - рассыпать песок

to scatter far and wide /everywhere/ - раскидывать повсюду

he scattered his papers all over the room - он разбросал свои бумаги по всей комнате

2) воен. рассеивать, разбрасывать

2. размещать (в разных местах, на разном расстоянии)

garrisons were scattered up and down the country - гарнизоны были разбросаны по всей стране

I've scattered some ashtrays around the room so that cigarettes don't get trodden into the floor - я расставила пепельницы в разных местах комнаты, чтобы окурки не валялись на полу

3. 1) разгонять, рассеивать

to scatter the birds - вспугнуть птиц

the police scattered the crowd - полиция разогнала толпу

2) рассеиваться, расходиться

the flock of birds scattered when a shot was fired - птицы разлетелись, когда раздался выстрел

the clouds scattered before the wind - подул ветер, и тучи рассеялись

the tourists scattered about the town - туристы разбрелись по городу

the boys scattered to look for mushrooms - мальчики разбежались в разные стороны в поисках грибов

3) воен. рассредоточиваться, рассыпаться

4. разбивать, разрушать, развеивать (надежды, планы)

all our hopes and plans are scattered to the four winds - все наши надежды и планы рухнули

5. (with) посыпать, усыпать (чем-л.)

to scatter the fields with seed - засевать поля

to scatter a road with gravel - посыпать дорогу гравием

her path was not scattered with flowers - её путь не был усеян цветами

6. 1) распылять (средства и т. п.)

2) разъединять, разрознивать (коллекцию и т. п.)

this great collection of books has now been scattered to the four quarters of the globe - эта большая коллекция книг теперь разрознена и разбросана по всему свету

7. распространять, издавать ( запах)

to scatter fragrance - распространять аромат

8. щедро наделять, осыпать

kings scattered wealth and titles among their favourites - короли щедро раздавали своим фаворитам деньги и титулы

9. уст. проматывать, пускать на ветер (состояние и т. п.)

10. физ.

1) рассеивать

2) рассеиваться

НБАРС > scatter
17 about

1. preposition
(on the subject of: We talked about our plans; What's the book about?) sobre
2. preposition, adverb
1) ((sometimes round about) near (in place, time, size etc): about five miles away; (round) about six o'clock; just about big enough.) cerca de

2) (in different directions; here and there: The children ran about (the garden).) por+art.

3) (in or on some part (of a place etc): You'll find him somewhere about (the office).) por (aí)

4) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) em torno de
3. adverb
((in military commands etc) in the opposite direction: About turn!) volver!

- be about to

* * *

a.bout

[əb'aut] adv 1 quase, aproximadamente, cerca de. I am about ready / estou quase pronto. it is about your size / é quase do seu tamanho. we walked about forty miles / caminhamos cerca de quarenta milhas. 2 em redor, em volta, por todos os lados. the fields about Cambridge / os campos ao redor de Cambridge. all the children were about their sick father / todas as crianças ficaram em redor de seu pai doente. 3 aqui e ali, para cá e para lá. they were walking about / eles estavam andando de lá para cá. 4 em direção contrária, em sentido oposto. the ship turned about and left / o navio mudou de rumo e partiu. • prep 1 acerca de, a respeito de, sobre, relativo a. his opinion about this topic is... / a sua opinião acerca deste assunto é... what is she talking about? / sobre o que ela está falando? 2 perto de, nas imediações de, junto a. I lost my wallet about here / perdi minha carteira nas imediações deste lugar. 3 em redor de, em volta de. she had her sweater about her shoulder / ela tinha a blusa em volta dos ombros. 4 prestes a, disposto a, a ponto de. he is about to go / ele está prestes a partir. 5 ocupado com, interessado em. while you are about the cooking, you can look after the baby / enquanto você está ocupado com a cozinha, pode tomar conta do bebê. about as high quase tão alto. all about em toda parte. do you know what you are about? você sabe o que pretende fazer? você conhece as dificuldades a enfrentar? go about your own business não se importe com as coisas alheias. how about a glass of wine? que tal um copo de vinho? I am about sick of it coll já estou farto disto! it is somewhere about the place está por aí. left about! meia-volta à esquerda! much noise about nothing muita gritaria por nada. right about! meia-volta à direita! she had no money about her ela não tinha dinheiro consigo. she is about the garden ela está em qualquer lugar do jardim. to be about something tratar de alguma coisa, fazer alguma coisa. to come about acontecer, realizar-se. to go about andar para lá e para cá, vaguear. to go about something ter a intenção de fazer alguma coisa. to hang about ficar à toa. to lie about estar espalhado, estar em desordem. to take turns about fazer alguma coisa por turno.

English-Portuguese dictionary > about
18 muck

[mʌk] 1. сущ.
1) навоз

Syn:

dung, manure

2) разг.

а) навоз; дерьмо

cow / horse muck — коровий / конский навоз

dog muck — собачье дерьмо

to spread muck on the fields — удобрять поля навозом

Syn:

dung, manure, faeces

б) грязь; мусор; отходы

There's greasy muck all over the front of the bike. — Велосипед спереди весь в какой-то жирной грязи.

в) дрянь; мерзость; дерьмо груб.

Why do you read this muck? — Зачем ты читаешь эту дрянь?

I'm not eating this muck! — Не стану есть это дерьмо!

3) разг. неудачная попытка, провал

I've made a muck of it. I'll have to do it again. — Я всё испортил. Придется делать всё ещё раз.

4) ил, донные отложения

5) = muck soil перегной; гумус, гумусная почва

6) горн. отбитая, неубранная порода
2. гл.
1) унавоживать

Syn:

manure, dung

2) = muck up пачкать

I got my boots mucked up in the garden. — Я испачкал ботинки в саду.

3) разг.; = muck up портить; проваливать, загубить (какое-л. дело)

I really mucked up those last two exams. — Я полностью завалил последние два экзамена.

Syn:

bitch 2., bugger up, foul up, louse up, mess 2., prang up

4) горн. убирать, откидывать породу

•

- muck about
- muck around
- muck in
- muck out

Англо-русский современный словарь > muck
19 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
20 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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